E 

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.LS53 



OWEN EDUCATIONAL SERIES 



] 



OUTLINES 



IN 



UNITED STATES 
HISTORY 




ELMER S. LANDES 



I 




Class. 
Book. 



i^ ^T'; 



Copyright }1°_ 






COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



\: 



\ 



COMPLETE OUTLINE 



111 

Questions and Answers 
Tables and Nicknames in 

miTET) STATES HISTOHY 



Also Brief History 
of Political Parties 



By 
ELMER S. LANDES 

Instructor in Common Branches, 
University of Wooster 



F. A. OWEN PUBLISHING COMPANY 
DANSVILLE, N. Y. 



LISRAi^Yof CONGRcSS 
(wu Copies Kecdived 

JAH 30 1905 
H>,Kl€3 

COPY L<. 



PREFACE 



The object in offering these outlines, tables, 
sketches, etc., to the public is to aid teachers and 
students in making the study of United States His- 
tory more interesting and inspiring; to introduce 
plans by which the acquisition of a thorough knowl- 
edge of the history of our country may be not only an 
interesting but a pleasant task. It has been fully 
demonstrated by experience that for the more ad- 
vanced grades the Topical Method is the best. 

The topics for recitation herein arranged are, with 
a few exceptions, based on Montgomery's Leading 
Facts of .American History and McMaster's School 
History, -of the United States. Questions whose an- 
swers may not be found in the above texts are given 
in the "Questions and Answers," making this book 
practically complete in itself. The tables, sketches, 
and nicknames are intended for reference. 

The "Questions and Answers" will be very helpful 
to the teacher and student in preparing for exam- 
inations. 

E. S. L. 



Complete Outline in U. S. 
History 



I. Definition of — 

(a) History. 

(b) Tradition. 

(c) Biography. 

(d) Chronology. 

II. History and Geography. 
III. Divisions of Historyjz 



IV. Divisions of Ancient History ja 



(.3. 

1. 

2. 
3. 



V. Divisions of Modern History ]^; 



Periods in American and United States 
History. 

I. Aboriginal Period I493 

II. Voyage and Discovery 1492 to 1607 

III. Colonial Period 1607 to 1775 

IV. Revolutionary Period 1775 to 1789 
V. National Period 1789 to Present Time 





Aboriginal Pei 


riod 


Abori 


gines. 


I. 


Mound Builders. 




(a) Earth Works. 




(a) Where found. 




(b) Number. 




(c) Sizes and Shapes. 




(d) Contents. 




(e) Purposes. 


II. 


Northmen. 




(a) Herjulfson. 




(b) Lief Erickson. 




(c) Thorwald. 




(d) Thorstein. 




(e) Thorfinn Karlsefne. 




(f) Snorri. ^, 


III. 


Indians. 


s! 




(a) Eight Large Tribes. , 


4'. 




(b) Number. 


(i. 




(c) Personal Appearance. 


.8." 




(d) Mode of Living. 




(e) Weapons. 




(f) Language. 




(g) Government. 




(h) Religion. 




(i) Marriage Customs. 




(j) Hospitality. 




(k) Education. 




(1) Wars. 




(m) Modes of Burial. 




(n) Character. 




(o) Totems, Chiefs, Sache 


ms. 



Period of Voyage and Discovery 

-I. Christopher Columbus. 

(a) Birth. 

(b) Parentage. 



(c) Education. 

(d) Marriage. 

(e) Voyages. 

(f) Character. 

(g) Death, 
(h) Burial. 

II. Discovery of America. 

(a) Time. 

(b) Persons. 

(c) Place. 

(d) Causes. 

(e) Hindrances. 

(f) Results. 

Spanish Explorers and Discoverers 

■1492 Columbus. 

1499 Vespucci. 

1512 Ponce de Leon. 
-1513 Balboa. 

1517 Cordova. 

1518 Grijalva. 
1519-21 Cortez. 
1519-21 Magellan. 
1520 De Ay lion. 
1528 Narvaez. 
1539-42 De Soto. 
1531-36 Pizarro. 
1540 Coronado. 
1542 Cabrillo. 
1565 Manendez. 

English Explorers and Discoverers 

-1497 John Cabot. 
1498 Sebastian Cabot. 
1576 Frobisher. 
1579 Drake. 
1579-83 Gilbert. 
1584 Raleigh. 
1584 Amidas and Barlow. 



1585 Davis. 

1586 Cavendish. 

1587 White. 

1602 Gosnold. 

1603 Pring. 
1605 Weymouth. 

Dutch Explorers and Discoverers 

1609 Henry Hudson. 
1614 Adrian Block. 
1614 Cornelius May. 
1614 Christianson. 
1616 Baffin. 

French Discoverers and Explorers 

1524 Verrazzani. 
1535 Cartier. 
1562 Coligny. 
1564 Laudonniere. 
1562 Ribault. 
1605 De Monts. 
1608 Champlain. 

Portuguese Navigators 

Magellan. 
Cortereal. 
- Vasco da Gama. 
Cabral. 



Colonial Period 

Settlement of Virginia 

(1607) 

606 London and Plymouth Companies. 
1607 Jamestown. 

Captain Newport. 

Edward Wingfield. 

John Smith. 



1609 Second Charter. 
1609-10 The vStarving- Time. 

1612 Third Charter. 
Powhatan. 

1613 John Rolfe and Pocahontas. 
1612 Cultivation of Tobacco. ^ 
1619 House of Burgesses. 

1619 Introduction of Slavery. 
1619 Importation of Women. 
1622-44 Indian Massacres. 
1660 Navigation Acts. 
1673 Culpepper and Arlington. 
1676 Bacon's Rebellion. 

Bacon's Laws. 

"White Apron Brigade." 
1676 Governor Berkeley. 
1688 Establishment of Free Schools. 
1692 College of William and Mary. 

Settlement of New York 

(1614)? 

1614 New Amsterdam. 
1614 Fort Orange. 
1624 Peter Minuit. 

1633 Wouter Van Twiller. 
1637 William Kieft. 
1647 Peter Stuyvesant. 

Location of New Netherlands. 

Location of New Sweden. 
1655 New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. 
1664 Surrender to the English. 
1664-7 Richard Nichols. 
1667-73 Francis Lovelace. 

1673 Dutch take New York. 

1674 English take New York. 
1689-92 Career of Leisler. 
1d97-9 Sir William Kidd. 

''734 Freedom of the Press established. 
1741 Negro Plot. 



Settlement of Massachusetts 

Plymouth Colony. Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

(1620) ' (1628) 

Authority and Object of Settlements. 
Number and Character of Settlers. 
Puritans, Pilgrims and Separatists. 
Miles Standish. 
Canonicus, Samoset. 
Squanto, Massasoit. 

1628 Salem Settlement. 
1630 Boston founded. 

1634 First use of Ballot Box. 
1636 ? Harvard College. 
1639 Printing Press. 
1656 Persecution of Quakers. 
1649 Free Schools Established. 
1675 King Philip's War. 
1692 Salem Witchcraft. 

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. 
1643-83 League of Colonies in New England. 
1692 Union of Colonies in Massachusetts. 

Settlement of New Hampshire 

(1623) 

1622 Mason and Gorges. 

1623 Dover and Portsmouth. 

1629 Division of Laconia. 
1638 Settlement at Exeter. 

Founder of Exeter. 

Religious Opinions and Land Titles. 
1719 Londonderry. 
1769 Dartmouth College. 

"The New Hampshire Grants." 

"The Beech Seal." 

Settlement of Maryland 
(1634) 
The Calverts. 
The Maryland Charter. 

8 



1634 St. Mary's 

Lord Baltimore's Intention. 

Religious Freedom. 

English Catholics. 
1645 Clayborne's Rebellion. 
1649 Toleration Act. 
1655 The Civil War. 
1691 Royal. 
1715 Proprietary 
1763-67 Mason and Dixon s Line. 

Settlement of Connecticut 

(1634?) 

1635 Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield. 
"Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. 
New England Immigrants. 
Thomas Hooker. 

1637 Pequot War. 

1636 Saybrook. 

1638 New Haven. 

1639 Connecticut Constitution. 

"The Blue Laws of Connecticut." 

"The Seven Pillars." 
1642 Establishment of a Free School. 
1660 The Regicide Judges. 
1687 Andros at Hartford. 
1687-1856 Charter Oak. 
1701 Yale College. 

Settlement of Rhode Island 

(1636) 

Why so named ? 
1636 Providence. 

New England Immigrants. 

Roger Williams. 
1638 Newport. 

William Coddington. 

Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. 



1639 The Baptist Church. 

1643 First Charter. 

1644 Union of Colonies. 
1663 Second Charter. 

1764 The Brown University. 

Number of Soldiers in Revolutionary War. 

Settlement of Dela^varc 

(1638) 

Peter Minuit. 
1638 Christina. 

Swedes and Finns. 

New Sweden. 
1655 Stuyvesant's Expedition. 
1681 Delaware Purchased by Penn. 

"The Territories." 
Why called Delaware ? 

Acceptance of Constitution of United States. 

Settlement of the Carolinas 

(1651 and 1670) 

1651 Chowan River. 
The Virginians. 
William Drummond. 

1663 Albemarle Colony. 
1670 Carteret Colony. 

Barbadoes. 
Old Charleston. 
1670 The Grand Model. 

1711 Indian Massacres. 

1712 vSeparation. 
1729 Royal. 

Settlement of New Jersey 

(1664) ? 

1664 Elizabethtown. 

Sir George Carteret. 
Philip Carteret. 



10 







Lord Berkeley. 








Why so called ? 
East Jersey. 
West Jersey. 
Quakers. 








The Covenanters or Cameronians. 


1' 


702 


United with New York. 


1' 


738 


Royal. 








Settlement 


of Pennsylvania 

(1682)? 



Grant to William Penn. 
"Holy Experiments. " 

1681 English Immigrants. 

1682 W^illiam Penn and English Quakers. 

1683 Philadelphia. 
"The Great Law." 

1683 The Great Treaty. 

1683-1810 The Elm. 

1763-1767 Mason and Dixon's Line. 

1774 First Continental Congress. 

1775 Second Continental Congress. 

Settlement of Georgia 

(1733) 

1733 Savannah. 

James Oglethorpe. 

Why so called ? 

Silk and Cotton. 

German Protestants. 

Oglethorpe's Two Motives. 

Restriction on Colony. 

The Wesleys. 

Rev. George Whitefield. 

Founding of the Methodist Church. 

Slavery and Rum. 
1751? Royal. 



11 



Missionaries 
I. Jesuit. 

La Salle. 
Marquette. 
Hennepin/ 
Joliet. 
Raille. 
II. English. 

John Eliot. 
Thomas Mayhevv. 
Daniel Gookin. 

Forms of Colonial Government 

I. Royal Province or Provincial Government. 
II. Charter Government. 

III. Proprietary Government. 

IV. Commercial Association. 
V. Voluntary Association. 

INTERCOLONIAL OR FRENCH AND 

INDIAN WARS. 

King William's War 

(1689 to 1697) 
Causes of. 

Attack on Schenectady. 
Attack on Haverhill. 
Capture of Acadaa. 
Treaty of Ryswick. 
Congress of the Norhern Colonies. 

Queen Anne's War or the \A^ar of the Spanish 
Succession 

Cause of. (1702 to 1713) 

Deerfield. 

Port Royal or Annapolis. 

Governor ]\Ioore. 

Charlestovvn. 

Nova Scotia. 

Utrecht. 



12 



The Spanish War 

(1739 to 1744) 

Causes of. 

Attack on St. Augustine. 

Results of. 

King George's War or the War of the Aus- 
trian Succession 

(1744 to 1748) 

Cause of. 

Burning of Canso. 

1745 Capture of Louisburg. 

Col. Pepperell. 
Important Results. 
Aix-la-Chapelle. 

French and Indian War 

(1754 to 1763) 
Commanders-in-chief : 

(a) English 

(l^ Edward Braddock. 

(2) William Shirley. 

(3) Lord Loudon. 

(4) Abercrombie. 

(5) Jeffrey Amherst. 

(b) French 

(1) Baron Dieskau. 

(2) Marquis de Montcalm. 
' i 1- Remote. 

Causes or -^ ^^ Immediate. 

The Ohio Company. 
Washington's Journey. 
Fort Duquesne. 
"Gateway of the West." 
Fort Necessity. 
Great Meadows. 
Albany Council. 

13 



Acadia. 

Braddock's Defeat. 

Braddock's Funeral Service 

Second Expedition Against Fort Duquesne. 

Fort Niagara. 

Fall of Quebec. 

Pontiac's War. 

Treaty of Paris. 

THE COLONIAL AND CONTINENTAL 

CONGRESSES 

I. Albany Council. 

(1754) 

Place (Albany, N. Y.) 

Proposition of — (A plan for the union of the 
colonies. ) 

Treaty of — (made a treaty with Indians.) 

"Join or Die. " ^ ' y^ 




II. Firsr-Conjmal-er Stamp- Act Congress. _J(^ -. 

(Oct. 7, 1765.) ^ . ^--^ 1^-"^ 

, ^i Place (New York City.) ^^^^^ ^^ ^ ' * i ^ /^ 

jJvM>-W '^^ ''Colonies Represented (9.) (f^ 

if 5j-/^'^^^- Declaration of Rights and Grievances. ' 

-I '' l^-*''^li. SeeeftdXekmial-Gr First Continental Congress, 

%tf^^ (Sept. 5, 1774.) ^ ,^^- 

^ Place (Philadelphia.) <=UA^A^'^ 

Cause (Oppressions of England.) ' "^ /l^ 

Number of Delegates (53.) '. Yjuir^ ^^^ 

Colony not Represented (Georgia.) -^t;, 7 fsM^^^ ^u^ 
Carpenter's Hall. Jf^^'^ ., ,^^ -^**^ ^ 

Measures. - QMi-"^" i ^ ^ fVt^V^ : 

IV. Second Continental Congress 

(May 10, 1775.) 
Place (Philadelphia.) 
Cause (Battles of Lexington and Concord.) 



14 



oV^ J 






^^^^ / ^ ^ - ""^ 



Petition. 
Paper Money. 

Election of' Commander-in-chief of United States 
Army (George Washington.) 

V. Continental Congress of 1776 
Place (Philadelphia.) 
Declaration. -^ <-^>^*-/<-'j'^^ 
Committee sent to France. 
Articles of Confederation. 
The Main Provisions made by the Congresses of 

1777, 1778, 1779 and 178(J were to carry on the 

war of the Revolution. 



The Thirteen Original Colonies in 1763 

Population. 

Number of Slaves. 

Largest Cities. 

Area and Boundary. 

Forms of Government. 

Language. 

Religion. 

Slavery. 

Trade. 

Mode of Travel. 

Postal Service. 

Hospitality. 

Laws. 

Rights of Colonial Governors. 

Education. 

Literary Men. 

The Causes of the Revolutionary War 
166(J Navigation Act. 

1733 Importation Act, Molasses Act or Sugar Act. 
1761 Writs of Assistance. , ,[, 

1765 Stamp Act. - -W--^-^^- < 

1765 First Colonial Congress. 

1766 Declaratorv Act. 



15 



^^ 



1767 Townshend Act 

1768 iMutiny Act 
1770 Boston Massacre. 

1773 Boston Tea Party. 

1774 Boston Port Bill.' 

1774 First Continental Congress, 

Taxation without Representation. 
Influence of France on the Colonies 
Rulings of George III. 
Right of Arbitrary Government. 



1^ 



Revolutionary Period, 1775-1789 
War of the Revolution 

(1775-1783) 

Commanders-in-Chief : 

(a) English — 

1. Thomas Gage. 
■ — ^ 2. Sir William Howe. 

3. Sir Henry Clinton. 

4. Sir Guy Carleton. 

(b) American — 

1. George Washington. 

Events of 1775 ^^^. 

Battle of Lexington. — ^ ^^~^^^Jf y^^^y^^^f^ 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point, ^v^ Otr^ 
Second Continental Congress. ^ ^^V'-t^ ^p-*^^^-^ 
Battle of Bunker Hill. 
Gage's Proclamation. 

Mecklenburg Resolutions. jJ^v^^ '- 

Quebec. ^ j^f (r«^ ^^ 

1775-1776 Siege of Boston. •—»-«.-•*- 

Events of 1776 

Fort jNIoultrie. 
Lee's Resolution. — 
Declaration of Independence. 
The Hessians. 



16 



The Tories, Loyalists or Royalists. 

The Patriots or Whigs. 

An Important Committee. — 

Battle of Long Island. 

Washington's Retreat. 

Nathan Hale. 

Battle of White Plains. 

Battle of Trenton. )V^-<. "^ i^ 

Franklin, Deane and Lee. 

Events of 1777 

Washington at Morristown. 
Continental Bills. 
Need of Money. 
Robert Morris. 
Victory at Princeton. -^ 
Burgoyne's Expedition. -^ 
Battle of Bennington. 
Battle of Brandywine. 
Battle of Germantown. 
First Battle of Saratoga. 
Second Battle of Saratoga." 
The Stars and Stripes. 
Morgan's "Sharpshooters." 
"Turning Point of the Revolution." 
Acceptance of Articles of Confederation by Con- 
gress. 
1777-1778 Washington at Valley Forge, Pa. 

Events of 1778 

Conway Plot or Cabal. 
Treaty with France. 
"Peace Proposals of England. 
Baron Steuben's Services. 
Battle of Monmouth. 
Clinton Succeeds Howe. 
Lee's Disgrace. 
"Captain Mollie. " 
Indian Massacres. 



17 



Colonel Clarke's Expedition. 

Queen Esther's Rock. 

1778-1779 Washington at :\Iiddlebrook, N. J. 

Events of 1779 
British Army at the South. 
Movements in South Carolina. 
Capture of Stony Point. 
Poor Richard and the Serapis. 

Events of 1780 
Fall of Charlestown. 
Partisan Warfare in the South. 
Hanging Rock 
The "Ragged Regiment." 
Battle of Camden. 
King's Mountain. 
Arnold's Treason. 
1780-81 The Army at Morristown, N. J. 

Events of 1781 

Mutiny. 

Green's Retreat Through South Carolma 
Battle at Cowpens. 
Greene at Steel's Tavern. 
The Catawba, Yadkin and Dan Rivers. 
Guilford Court House. 
Hobkirk's Hill. 
Eutaw Springs. 
Siege of Yorktown. 
\ Surrender of Cornwallis. 

Miscellaneous Topics. 

1783 Treaty of -Versailles or Paris. 
1783 Boundary of United States. 

, . ,TT i a. England. 

Cost of Revolutionary War -j ^ United States. 

1782 George Hi's Speech on United States. 
"Sons of Liberty." 
'Daughters of Liberty." 

18 



*'Cradle of Liberty." 

*'Five Intolerable Acts." 

"Minute Men." 

"Father of the Revolution." 

Shay's Rebellion. 

"Paul Revere's Ride." 

"Green Mountain Boys." 

The "Ship of State." 

Virginia and Connecticut Reserves. 

Ordinance of 1787. 

The Gerrymander. 

The Third Term Tradition. 

Sanitary and Christian Commissions. 

"Sheridan's Ride " 

The Ovvenite Communities. 

Blue Lodges. 

"The Brownists. " 

Congress Lottery. 

"Starved Rock. " 

"Ticket Money." 

Articles of Confederation. 

When framed by Congress? (1776-1777) 

When adopted by the states? (1777-1781) 

When in force? (March 1, 1781) 

When and how did the colonies become States? 

Nature of Government ? 

T ,. T\ r ^ i a. No taxing power. 
Leadmg Detects i , at /^ i 4- .u j 

^ I b. No power to regulate trade. 

Issue of Paper Money. 

* ' Legal Tender Acts. ' ' 

Amendments proposed ? 

Why not amended ? 

Attempts of States to Regulate Trade. 

Trade Convention of Annapolis. (1786) 

Constitutional Convention. 

Time. (May 14 to Sept. 17, 1787.) 
Place. (Independence Hall, Philadelphia.) 

19 



Number of members. (55.) 

"Father of the Constitution." (James Madison.) 

President of the Convention. (AVashington.) 

The Virginia and New Jersey plans. 

Adoption of Virginia plan. 

Adoption of the Constitution. (Sept. 17,1787.) 

First and last States to adopt it. (Delaware and 

Rhode Island.) 
"The New Roof. " (Constitution so called by the 

Federalists.) 



National Period. 
1789 to Present Time. 
1789-1797 
George Washington John Adams 

of Virginia, of Massachusetts, 

President. Vice-President. 

Party in Power. (Federal.) 
1789 Inauguration. (April 30.) 
1789 Washington's Cabinet. 

1789 Chancellor Livingston. 

1789-91 First ten Amendments or "Bill of Rights. ' 

1790 First Census. 

1791 United States Bank. 

1792 United States Mint. 

1792 Free Coinage. 
1790 Death of Franklin. 
1790 National Capital. 

1791-92-96 New States (Vermont, Kentucky, Ten- 
nessee.) 

1793 Citizen Genet. 

1793 Cotton Gin. 

1794 The Whiskey Rebellion. 

1795 Jay's Treatv. 

1795 to 1798 Federal Money. 

1795 Treaty with Algiers. 

1796 Change of Naturalization Period. 

20 



1796 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Federal, John Adams and Thomas 
Pinckney. 

(b) Anti-Federal, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron 
Burr. 

Issue, Jay's treaty with England. 

1797-1801 

John Adams Thomas Jefferson 

of Massachusetts, of Virginia, 

President. Vice-President. 

Party in Power. (Federal.) 
1798 X. Y. Z. Papers 
1798 Department of Navy established. 
1798-1800 Quasi War or Trouble with France. 
1798 Alien and Sedition Laws. 

1798 Kentucky Resolutions. 

1799 Virginia Resolutions. 
1798 National Song. 

1798 Eleventh Amendment. 

1798 Stamp Tax. 

1798 The Direct Tax. 

1798 Fries's Rebellion. 

1799 Death of Washington. 

1800 Removal of the Capital. 
"Palace in the Wilderness." 

1800 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Republican, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron 
Burr. 

(b) Federal, John Adams and Charles C. 
Pinckney. Issue, Alien and Sedition Laws. 

1801-1809. 
Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr, George Clinton 
of Virginia, of New York, 

President. Vice-Presidents, 

Party in Power (Republican.) 

1801 Introduction of President's Message. 
1801-5 Tripolitan War. 

21 



1802 Naturalization Period changed. 

1802 United States Military Academy established 

at West Point. 

1803 Purchase of Louisiana. 

1803 Admission of Ohio. 

1804 Twelfth Amendment. 

1804 Lewis and Clark's Expedition. 

1804 The Hamilton-Burr Duel. 

1806 Orders in Council, ~) -n, u ^ t7 i- u 

ion/ ATI T-> f or French and English 

1806 Milan Decree, ^ blockades 

1806 Berlin Decree, ) t^lockaaes. 

1806 Pike's Peak. 

1807 Burr tried for Treason. 
1807 Fulton's Invention. 
1807 Embargo Act. 

1807 Importation Act. 

1807 Chesapeake and Leopard. 

1808 The Oregon Country. 

1809 The Non-Intercourse Act. 

1808 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Republican, James Madison and George 
Clinton. 

(b) Federal, Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus 
King. Issue, The War with England and the 
Embargo Act. 

1809-1817 
James Madison George Clinton 

of Virginia, of New York, 

President. and Elbridge Gerry, 

of Massachusetts, 
Vice-Presidents. 
Party in Power. (Republican.) 

1809 Macon Bill. 

Trade with Great Britain. 
Napoleon's Deception. 
1811 Tecumseh's Conspiracy. 

1811 Tippecanoe. 

1812 Admission of Louisiana. 



22 



1812 The Henry Letters. 

1812 The War Congress. 

1812 Causes and Declaration of War of 1812 

1812 Detroit. 

1812 The Constitution and Guerriere. 

1812 The Wasp and Frolic 

1812 The Hornet and Peacock. 

1812 The Chesapeake and Shannon. 

1813 Lake Erie. 

1813 Creek War. 

1814 Chippewa. 
1814 Lundy's Lane. 

1814 Burning of Washington. 
1814 Fort McHenry. 
1814 "The Star Spangled Banner." 
1814 McDonough's Victory. 
1814 Hartford Convention. 

1814 Treaty of Ghent. 

1815 New Orleans Victory. 

1816 Admission of Indiana. 

1816 Second National Bank chartered. 

1816 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Republican, James Monroe and D. D. 
Tompkins. 

(b) Federal, Rufus King.* (No particular 
candidate for vice-president.) 

Issue, None distinctly defined. 

1817-1825 

James Monroe D. D. Tompkins 

of Virginia, of New York, 

President. Vice President. 

Party in power. (Republican.) 

1817 First Seminole War. 

1817 Monroe's Journey North. 

1818 Joint Occupation of Oregon. 

1818 Canadian Boundary. 

1819 Purchase of Florida. 

♦The Federalists voted for Rufus King but made no nominations. 

23 



1820 Missouri Compromise, 
1820 Second Election of Monroe. 

1823 Monroe Doctrine. 
"Era of Good Feeling." 
Pensions. 

1824 Protective Tariff. 

1817 18, 19, 20 and 21. New States. 

Slavery Question in the North and South. 
1824 Lafayette's visit to the United States. 

1824 Political parties and candidates. 

(a) Democratic 

(b) National Republican. 

Candidates for President — Andrew Jackson, 

Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams and W. H. 

Crawford. 

John C. Calhoun for VicePresident. 

Issue, None distinctly defined. 

1825-1829 

John Quicy Adams John C. Calhoun 

of Massachusetts, of South Carolina, 

President. Vice-President. 

Party in Power. (National Republican.) 

1825 Bunker Hill Monument. 
1825 Erie Canal. 

1825 "Clinton's Big Ditch." 

1826 American Society for Promotion of Tem- 

perance. 
1826 Death of Jefferson and Adams (July 4.) 

1826 William Morgan's Book. 

1827 Organization of Anti-Masonic Party. 

1828 Tariff. 

1828 Webster's Dictionary. 

1827 ( ?) First Railroad. 

Growth of Railroads in United States. 
The Portage Railroad. 

1828 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Democrat, Andrew Jackson and John 
C. Calhoun. 



24 



(b) National Republican, John Quincy 

Adams and Richard Rush. 

Issue, Tariff and National Bank Questions. 

1829-1837 
Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 

of Tennessee, of vSouth Carolina, 

President, Martin VanBuren, 

of New York, 
Vice-Presidents. 
Party in Power. (Democrat. ) 

"Kitchen Cabinet." 

Rotation in Office and Political Revolution. 
"The Spoils System." 
1829 Postmaster General given seat in Cabinet. 

1829 Civil Service Changes. 

1830 First Mormon Church. 

1830 First National Nominating Convention. 
1832 First Party Platform. 
1832 Webster-Hayne Debate. 

"The Force Act." 

W. L. Garrison and "The Liberator," 
1832 Tariff. 
1832 Black Hawk War. 

1832 Thomas Benton and United States Bank. 

1833 Nullification Act of South Carolina. 
1833 The Compromise Tariff". 

1833 Chicago. 

1834 Indian Territory organized. 
1835-43 Second Seminole War. 

1835 New York Fire. 

1836 Washington Fire 

1836 Admission of Arkansas. 

1836 Specie Circular. 
1836-44 "Gag Rule." 

1837 Admission of Michigan. 
Pocket Vetoes of Jackson. 
Pet and Wildcat State Banks 
Speculation Period. 

25 



1837 Division of Surplus Revenue. 

1836 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Democrat, Martin VanBuren and R. M. 
Johnson. 

(b) Whig, William Henry Harrison, and 
Francis Granger. 

Issue, The National Bank Question. 

A nominating convention was not held in 1836 by the Whig party but the 
several states named William Henry Harrison, Daniel Webster, W. P. Man- 
gum, as candidates for president, and John Tyler, Francis Granger and John 
McLean as candidates for vice-president. 

1837-1841 

Martin VanBuren Richard M. Johnson 
of New York, of Kentucky, 

President. Vice-President. 

Party in Power. (Democrat.) 

1837 Financial Panic and its Causes. 
1837 Canadian Rebellion. 

1837 "Steamer Caroline. " 

1839 Washingtonian Society Organized. 

1840 Organization of Liberty Party. 
1830-47 The Mormons. 

1840 Sub-Treasury Bill. 

Location of Chief Treasury. 

Locations of Sub-Treasuries. 

The Anti-Slavery Movements. 
1840. Political Parties and Candidates 

(a) Whig, William Henry Harrison and John 
Tyler. 

(b) Democrat, Martin VanBuren and R. M. 
Johnson. 

(c) Liberty, J G. Birney and Francis 
Lemoyne. 

Issue, Protective Tariff and National 
Bank. 



26 



1841-1845 
William H. Harrison John Tyler 

of Ohio, of Virginia, 

President. Vice-President. 

(One month) 

Party in Power. (Whig. ) 

1841 Death of Harrison. 

1840-1850 Immigrants to United States. 
1840 Whig Party Doctrine. 

1840 Democratic Party Doctrine. 

1842 Dorr's Rebellion. 

1842 Webster- Ashburton Treaty. 
Tyler and the Whig Congress. 
Resignation of the Cabinet. 

1841 Tyler's Vetoes. 
1844 Electric Telegraph. 

1844 First Message by Telegraph. 

1845 Anti-rent Riots in New York. 
1845 Annexation of Texas. 

1844 First Treaty with China. 

1845 Admission of Texas. 
The Bankrupt Law. 

1845 The "Present Crisis." 

1844 Political Parties and Candidates. 

. (a) Democrat, James K. Polk and George 
M. Dallas. 

(b) Whig, Henry Clay and Theodore Fre- 
linghuysen. 

(c) Liberty, James G. Birney and Thomas 
Morris. 

Issue, Annexation of Texas. 

1845-1849 

James K. Polk George M. Dallas 

of Tennessee, of Pennsylvania, 

President. Vice-President. 

Party in Power. (Democrat.) 
The Oregon Question. 

27 



Marcus Whitman. 

"Fifty-four Forty or Fight." 

Settlement of Northwestern Boundary of 
United States. 
1846-48 Mexican War. 
1846 Wihnot Proviso. 
1846 Admission of Iowa. 
1846 Suspension Bridge. 
1846 The Sewing Machine. 
1846 The Bear State Republic. 
1846 "The Great American Desert." 
1846 The Virginia Portion of District of Co- 
lumbia re-ceded to Virginia. 
1846 Independent Treasury Bill. 
1846 Hoe's Printing Press. 
1848 Discovery of Gold. 
1848 Free Soil party. 

1848 Admission of Wisconsin. 

1849 Department of Interior Created (March 3.) 
1848 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Whig, Zachary Taylor and Millard 
Fillmore. 

(b) Democrat, Lewis Cass and W. O. Butler. 

(c) Free Soil, Martin Van Buren and Charles 
Francis Adams. 

Issue, Slavery was the leading issue, but the 
Whigs and Democrats made no particular 
issue. 

The Mexican War. 1846-1848 
Causes — 

(a) Real. (Annexation of Texas. ) ^^^ 

(b) Immediate. (The boundary line between 
Texas and Mexico.) 

Generals-in-Chief — 

(a) American 3 Zachary Taylor. 

(a) American ^ y^^^f^^^^ ^^^^^ 

(b) Mexican — Santa Anna. 

Declaration of War by United States. (May 13, 1846.) 

28 



Declaration of War by Mexico. (May 23, 1846.) 

3846 Palo Alto (May 8.) 

1846 Resaca de la Palma (May 9.) 

1846 Monterey (Sept. 24.) 

1847 Buena Vista (Feb. 23.) 
1847 Vera Cruz (Mar. 27.) 
1847 Cerro Gordo (April 18.) 
1847 Pueblo (May 15.) 

1847 City of Mexico (Sept. 14.) 

1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb. 2.) 

1849-1853 
Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore 

of Louisiana, of New York, 

President. Vice-President. 

(Sixteen months.) 
Party in Power. (Whig.) 
1850 Extension of Slavery. 
1850 Death of the President. 
1850 Omnibus Bill. 
1850 Admission of California. 
1850 Fugitive Slave Law. 
1850 Squatter Sovereignty. 
1850 Personal Liberty Laws. 

1850 Importation of Slaves in District of Columbia. 
"Underground Railroad." 

1851 The Maine Law. 

1851 The Filibusters. 

1852 Death of Clay and Webster. 
i852 Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

1852 "Tripartite Treaty. " 

1852 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Democrat, Franklin Pierce and W. R. 
King. 
(b) Whig, Winfield Scott and W. A. Graham, 
(c) Free Soil, J. P. Hale and G. W. Julian. 
Issue, (No special issue; for both the Dem- 
ocrat and the Whig party considered the 
Slavery question settled since 1850.) 

29 



1853-1857 
Franklin Pierce William R. King 

of New Hampshire, of Alabama, 

President. Vice-President. 

Party in Power. (Democrat.) 
1853 World's Fair in New York City. 
1853 "Crystal Palace." 
1853 Gadsden Purchase. 
1853 Death of the Vice-President. 
1853 Union Pacific Railroad. 

1853 Know Nothing or American Party. 

1854 Perry's Treaty with Japan. 
1854 Kansas- Nebraska Bill. 
1854 Ostend Manifesto. 
1854-61 Civil War in Kansas. 

"Border Ruffians," "Abolitionists," "Black 
Republicans." 
1856 Organization of Republican Party. 
1856 Brooks Assaults Sumner. 
1856 "Silver Grays. " 

1856 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Democrat, James Buchanan and J. C, 
Breckinridge. 

(b) Republican, John C. Fremont and W. 
L. Dayton. 

(c) Know Nothing,* Millard Fillmore and 
A. J. Donelson. 

Issue, Extension of Slavery. 

*Iu 1856 the Whigs ratified the nominations of the Know Nothing Party. 

1857-1861 

Tames Buchanan J. C. Breckinridge 

of Pennsylvania, of Kentucky, 

President. Vice-President. 

Party in Power. (Democrat.) 

1857 Dred Scott Decision. 
1857 Panic in Business. 
1857-58 Lecompton Constitution, 

30 



1858 Discovery of Silver. 
1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates. 

1858 The Atlantic Cable. 

1858-59-61 New States. (Minnesota, Oregon and 
Kansas. ) 

1859 John Brown's Raid. 

1859 Petroleum Well. 

1860 South Carolina Secedes. 
1860 Split in Democrat Party. 

1860 National Constitutional Union Party. 

1860 Bell and Everett Party. 

1861 The Peace Convention. 

1861 "Confederate States of America." 
1861 Star of the West. 
1861 "The Stars and Bars." 

1860 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Republican, Abraham Lincoln and Han- 
nibal Hamlin. 

(b) Northern Democrats, Stephen A. Doug- 
las and Herschel V. Johnson. 

(c) Southern Democrats, John C. Breckin- 
ridge and Joseph Lane. 

(d) Constitutional Union, John Bell and 
Edward Everett. 

Issue, (Republican, Non-extension of slavery 
in the territories.) (Northern Democrats, 
Popular Sovereignty.) (Southern Demo- 
crats, Extension of Slavery.) (Constitu- 
tional Union, The Laws and the Union.) 

1861-1865 
Abraham Lincoln Hannibal Hamlin 

of Illinois, of Maine, 

President. VicePresident. 

Party in Power. (Republican.) 
1861-65 The War of the Rebellion. 

1861 Death of Stephen A. Douglas. 

1861 Organization of the Bureau of Agriculture. 
Proposed Thirteenth Amendment. 

31 



1862 The Homestead Act. 

1862 Slavery prohibited in the Territories and 
abolished in the District of Columbia. 

1862 First Issue of Greenbacks. 

1863 Founding of National Banks. 

1863-64 New States (West Virginia and Nevada.) 

1864 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) (Radical) Republican, John C. Fremont 
and John Cochrane. 

(b) Democrat, George B. McClellan and 
George H. Pendleton. 

(c) (Regular) Republican, Abraham Lincoln 
and Andrew Johnson. 

The above nominations were made but by September Fremont and Coch- 
rane withdrew, and Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were elected by 
the Republican Party. 

Causes of the "War of the Rebellion 

I. Remote — 

(a) Slavery. 

(a) State Rights. 

(c) Want of Intercourse between North and 
South. 

(d) Increase of Territory. 

(e) Different Systems of Labor in North and 
South. 

(f) Different Construction of the Constitution. 

(g) Publication of Sectional Books. 

II. Immediate — 

(a) The Secession of the States. 

Influences that Led to the War of the Rebellion 

1793 Invention of the Cotton Gin. 

1820 Missouri Compromise. 

1832 Nullification Act of South Carolina. 

1832 Anti-Slavery Society. 

1845 Annexation of Texas. 

1850 Fugitive Slave Law. 

1850 Personal Liberty Laws. 

32 



1857 Dred Scott Decision. 
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
1859 John Brown's Raid. 

Protective Tariff Law. 

Anti-Slavery Parties. 

(a) Liberty (b) Free Soil (c) Republican, 

The War of the Rebellion 

Generals-in-chief : 

(1) Union— 

(a) Winfield Scott. 

(b) H. W. Halleck. 

(c) George B. McCIellan. 

(d) U. S. Grant. (Lieutenant General.) 

(2) Confederate— 

(a) Robert E. Lee. 

Events of 1861 

April 12 Fort Sumter. 
April 15 Call for Troops. 
April 19 Baltimore Riot. 
Contrabrands. 

General condition of the North and South. 
Nov. 1 Commander-in-chief. 

Strength of the Armies in the North and 
South. 
April 19 Southern Ports Blockaded. 
July 2 Battle of Bull Run or Manassas. 
Nov. 8 "The Trent Affair." 

The Union Plan of the War. 

Events of 1862 

Feb. 6 Fort Henry. 

Feb. 14-16 Fort Donelson. 

Mar. 9 Merrimac and Monitor. 

April 6 and 7 Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Land 

ing. 
April 7 Island No. 10. 

33 



April 25 Capture of New Orleans. 

Peninsular Campaign. 
June 25-July 1 "Seven Days' Battle." 
Sept. 17 Battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg. 
Sept. 14 Battle of South Mountain. 
Dec. 13 Battle of Fredericksburg. 
Dec. 31 Battle of Murfreesboro. 

Lee's Invasion of Maryland. 

Events of 1863 

Jan. 1 Emancipation Proclamation. 

Lee's Second Invasion of the North. 
May 2 and 3 Battle of Chancellorsville. 
July 1, 2 and 3 Battle of Gettysburg. 

Opening of the Mississippi. 
July 4 Surrender of Vicksburg. 
July 9 Surrender of Port Hudson. 
July Draft Riots. 
July Morgan's Raid. 

Siege of Charleston. 
Sept. 19 and 20 Battle of Chickamauga. 
Nov. 23-25 Siege of Chattanooga. 

Events of 1864 

"Hammering Campaign." 

The Meridian Raid. 

The Red River Expedition. 
March 3 Grant and the Union Armies. 
May 5-6 Battle of the Wilderness. 
May 9 Sheridan's Raid on Richmond. 
May 9-10 Battle of Spottsylvania Court House. 
June 3 Battle of Cold Harbor. 
June 19 Kearsarge and Alabama. 
May 15 to July 18 Sherman's Advance to Atlanta. 
July 30 Explosion of Petersburg Mine. 
Aug. 5 Blockade of Mobile. 
Aug. 18 Capture of Weldon Railroad. 
Nov. 16 to Dec. 26 Sherman's March to the Sea. 
Dec. 16 Battle of Nashville. 



34 



Events of 1865 

April 2 Petersburg vSurrenders. 
April 3 Richmond Surrenders. 
April 9 Lee Surrenders. 
April 14 Assassination of Lincoln. 
April 26 Johnston Surrenders. 
May 10 Capture of Jefferson Davis. 

War Prisons. 

Henry Wirz. 

Cost of the War. 

(a) In lives (About 700,000 men.) 

(b) In money (Increased national debt 

to $2,750,000,000.) 

(c) In property and business (Cannot be 
estimated.) 

Leading Results — 

(a) Freed the Slaves. 

(b) Preserved the Union. 

1865-1869 

Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson 

of Illinois, of Tennessee, 

President. Vice-Presidento 

(Forty-four days.) 

Party in power (Republican.) 

1865 Reconstruction Policy of Johnson. 
1865 Reconstruction Policy of Congress. 
1865 Amnesty Proclamation. 
1865 XIII Amendment. 

1865 Disbanding of the Army. 

1866 Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Bill. 
1866 The Atlantic Cable. 

1866 The Peabody Fund. 

1867 Stanton Removed from Office. 
1867 Purchase of Alaska. 

1867 Maximilian. 

1867 Bureau of Education Established. 



35 



1867 Tenure of Office Act. 

1867 Admission of Nebraska. 

1868 Burlingame Treaty. 
1868 Impeachment of Johnson. 
1868 Six states Re-admitted. 

1868 Organization of Ku-Klux-Klan. 
1868 The "Ohio Idea." 
1868 The Greenback Party. 

1868 XIV Amendment. 

1869 XV Amendment. 

1868 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Republican, U. S. Grant and Schuyler 
Colfax. 

(b) Democrat, Horatio Seymour and F. P. 
Blair. 

Issue, Rights of Seceded States and Negro 
Suffrage. 

1869-1877 

Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax 
of Illinois, of Indiana, 

President and Henry Wilson 

of Mass., 
Vice-Presidents. 

Party in Power (Republican.) 

1869 Union Pacific Railroad. 

1870 Weather Bureau. 

1871 Joint High Commission. 
1871 Treaty of Washington. 
1871 Alabama Claims. 

1871 Geneva Arbitration. 
1871 Force Bill. 

1871 Chicago Fire. 

1872 Modoc War. 

1872 Liberal Republicans. 

1872 Boston Fire. 

1872 Credit Mobilier. 

1873 Panic of 1873. 



36 



1873 Salary Act or Salary Grab. 

1873 Demonetization o^ Silver. 

1874 Inflation Bill. 

1874 Whiskey Ring. 

1875 Resumption Act. 

1876 General Custer in the Sioux War. 
1876 Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. 
1876 Loan Office Certificates. 

1876 Admission of Colorado. 

1877 Telephone and Phonogragh. 
1877 Joint Electoral Commission. 

1876 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Republican, R. B. Hayes and W. A. 
Wheeler. 

(b) Democrat, S. J. Tilden and T. A. Hen- 
dricks. 

(c) Greenback, Peter Cooper and S. F. Carey. 

(d) Prohibition, J. C. Smith and R. G Stew- 

art. 
Issue, Resumption of Specie payment, 

1877-1881 

Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler, 
of Ohio, of New York, 

President. Vice President. 

Party in Power (Republican.) 

1877 Withdrawal of Troops in the South. 
1877 Railroad Strikes. 

1877 Halifax Award. 

1877 Bland Silver Bill. 
1875-81 Captain Eads. 

1878 Bland- Allison Bill. 
1878 Silver Remonetized. 

1878 Yellow Fever in the South. 

1879 Life Saving Service Established. 
1879 Negro Exodus. 

1849 Resumption of Specie Payment. 

37 



1880 Treaties with China. 

1880 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Republican. James A. Garfield and 

Chester A. Arthur. 

(b) Democrat, Winfield S. Hancock and 

William H. English. 

(c) Greenback, J. B. Weaver and E. J. 

Chambers. 

(d) Prohibition, Neal Dow and H. A. 

Thompson. 
Issue: Protective Tariff was the leading 
issue. 



1881—1885. 

James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, 
of Ohio, of New York, 

President. Vice President. 

(7 mo. 14 da.) 

Party in Power (Republican) 

1881 Star Route Frauds. 
1881 Assassination of Garfield. 

1881 Centennial at Yorktown, Va. 

1882 Overflow of the Mississippi River. 
1882 Trial and execution of Guiteau, 

1882 Edmunds Anti-Polgamy Bill. 

1883 Completion of the Brooklyn Bridge. 
1883 A Civil Service Bill. 

1882 Red Cross Society. 

1883 Adoption of Standard Time, 

1884 Anti-Chinese Bill. 

1884 Cotton Centennial Exhibition 

1884 The Anti-Monopoly and Labor Parties. 

1885 Washington Monument. 
1883-5 Reduction of Letter postage. 

1884 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Republican, James G. Blaine and John A. 
Logan. 

38 



_b) Democrat, Grover Cleveland and Thomas 
A. Hendricks. 

(c) Prohibition, J. P. St. John and William 

Daniel 

(d) Greenback Labor, Benjamin F. Butler and 

A. M. West. 

(e) American Prohibition National, S. C. 

Pomeroy, J. A. Conant. 

(f) Anti-Monopoly, Benjamin F. Butler, A. 

M. West. 

(g) Equal Rights, Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood, 

Mrs. M. L. Stow. 
Issue, Republicans for protection, the 
Democrats for simple revenue tariff. 

1885-1889. 

Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks, 

of New York, of Indiana, 

President. Vice President. 

(8 mo., 21 da.) 

Party in Power. (Democrat.) 

1885 Death of the Vice President. 

1885 Civil Service Reform. 

1885 Anti-Contract-Labor Law. 

1886 Strikes. 

1886 Chicago Anarchists. 

1886 Presidential Succession Law. 

1886 Charleston Earthquake. 

1886 The Statue of Liberty. 

1887 Inter-State Commerce Act. 

1887 Electoral Count Act. 

1888 Chinese Exclusion Act. 
1888 Department of Labor. 
1888 Mills Tariff Bill. 

1888 Department of Agriculture. 
1888 Political Parties and Candidates: 

(a) Republican, Benjamin Harrison and Levi 
P. Morton. 



39 



(b) Democrat, Grover Cleveland and Allen G. 
Thurman. 

(c) Prohibition, C. B. Fisk and J. A. Brooks. 

(d) Union Labor^ A. J. Streeter and C. E. 

Cunningham. 

(e) United Labor, R. H. Cowdrey and W. H. 

T. Wakefield. 

(f) Equal Rights, Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood 

and A. II. Love. 
Issue, Tariff was the leading issue between 
the leading parties. 

1889-1893 

Benjamin Harrison, Levi P. Morton, 

of Indiana, of New York, 

President. Vice President. 

Party in Power (Republican.) 

1889 Oklahoma Opened. 

1889 Australian Ballot System. 

1889 Farmer's Alliance and Industrial Union. 

1889 Pan-American Congress. 

1889 Johnstown Flood. 

1889 Washington Centennial. 

1. North Dakota. 

2. South Dakota. 

3. Montana. 

4. Washington. 
1889 New War Ships. 

1889 International Maritime Council. 

1890 Admission of Idaho and Wyoming. 
1890 Anti-Trust Act. 

1890 Sherman Silver Purchase. 
1890 McKinley Tariff Bill. 
1890 New Pension Act. 
1890 Census of 1890. 

1890 Land Mortgage Scheme. 

1891 People's Party Organized. 

1892 Homestead Strikes. 



40 



1889 New States <( 



1892 Dedication of World's Fair Buildings. 
Woman Suffrage. 

1892 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Democrat, Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. 

Stevenson. 

(b) Republican, Benjamin Harrison and 

Whitelaw Reid. 

(c) Peoples, J. B. Weaver and J. G. Field. 

(d) Prohibition, John Bidwell and J. B. Cran- 

field. 
Socialist Labor, Simon Wingand, C. H. 
Matchett. 
Issue, Tariff between the Democrat and Republican 
Parties. 

1893-1897 

Grover Cleveland Adlai E. Stevenson 
of New York, of Illinois, 

President. Vice President. 

Party in Power (Democrat) 

1893 Special Session of Congress. 
1893 Panic in Business. 

1893 Behring Sea Commission. 
1893 The Gold Reserve. 
1893 Columbian E.\position. 

1893 Repeal of Sherman Silver Act. 

1894 Repeal of the Force Act. 
1894 Coxey's Commonweal Army. 
1894 The Pullman Strike. 

1894 Hawaiian Question. 

1894 The WilsoiT Bill. 

1895 Venezuelan Boundary Question. 
1895 Cuban Revolt. 

1895 Bond Issues. 

1896 Admission of Utah. 

1896 Arbitration Treaty at Washington. 
1896 The "Educational Campaign." 

41 



1896 Political Parties a Candidates. 

(a) Republican, William McKinley and Garret 

A. Hobart. 

(b) Democrat, William J. Bryan and Arthur 

Sewall. 

(c) National Democrat, J. M. Palmer and 

S. B. Buckner. 

(d) Silver Party, W. J. Bryan and Arthur 

Sewall. 

(e) Populists, W. J. Bryan and Thomas Watson 

(f) Prohibition, Joshua Levering and Hal 

Johnson. 

(g) National Party, Rev. C. E. Bentley and 

J. H. Southgate. 
(h) Socialist Labor, C. H. Matchett and M. 
Maguire. 
Issue, The leading issues were a high protective tar- 
iff and free coinage of silver. 

1897-1901 

William McKinley Garrett A. Hobart, 

of Ohio, of New Jersey, 

President. Vice President. 

Party in Power. (Republican.) 

1897 McKinley's Inaugural Address. 
1897 Dingley Tariff Bill. 

1897 Cuban Question. 

1897 Congressional Library Building. 

1898 Increase of Exports. 
1898 "Greater New York." 
1898 The Maine Destroyed. 
1898 Naval Court of Inquiry. 

1898 President McKinley's Special Message to 

Congress. 
1898 United States Declares War against Spain. 
1898 Battle of Manila. 
1898 Destruction of Cervera's Fleet. 
1898 Capture of Santiago. 

42 



1898 War Bonds and War Taxes. 
1898 Treaty of Peace. 

1898 Trans-Mississippi Exposition. Expansion. 

1899 Wireless Telegraphy. 

1900 Galveston Disaster. 

1900 Twelfth Census of United States. 
1900 Total Cost of the War with Spain. 
1900 Political Parties and Candidates. 

(a) Republican, William McKinley and Theo- 

dore Roosevelt. 

(b) Democrat, William J. Bryan and Adlai E. 

Stevenson. 

(c) Peoples, William J. Bryan and Adlai E. 

Stevenson. 

(d) Peoples (Middle-of-the-Road), Wharton 

Barker and Ignatius Donnelly. 

(e) Silver Republican, William J. Bryan and 

Adlai Stevenson. 

(f) Prohibition, John G. Woolley and H. B. 

Metcalf. 

(g) Socialist Labor, J. F. Malloney and Val- 

entine Rennel. 
Issue, Free silver, protective tariff and expansion 
were the leading issues. 

The War With Spain. 1898. 

Remote (The Cuban Question). 

Immediate (The Destruction of the 
Maine). 

United States declares War. 

Batteries at Mantanzas destroyed. 

Dewey's Victory at Manila. 

Admiral Sampson's Fleet at San Juan, 
Puerto Rico. 
June 3 Hobson Sinks the Merrimac. 
June 24 Rough Riders attacked. 
July 3 Admiral Cevera's Fleet Captured. 

43 



Causes- 


— 




(a) 
(b) 


April 
April 
May 
May 


25 
. 27 
1 
12 



July 28 General Miles captures Ponce, Puerto 

Rico. 
August 12 Protocol signed at Washington. 
August 13 Manila captured. 
Dec. 10 Treaty of Peace signed. 

1901— ( ) 

William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt 
of Ohio, of New York, 

President. Vice President. 

(6 mo., 10 da.) 

Party in Power (Republican.) 

1901 Assassination of William McKinley. 

1901 Roosevelt becomes President. 

1901 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. 

1901 Death of Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. 

1<*01 Death of Queen Victoria. 

1901 Death of Ex-President Harrison. 

1901 Death of William M. Evarts. 

1901 Capture of Aguinaldo. 

1901 Schley Court of Inquiry. 

1901 Pan-American Congress. 

1901 Pan-American Exposition. 

1901 First Official Act of President Roosevelt. 
1901-02 Steel and Railroad Combinations. 

1902 Visit of Prince Henry of Prussia, to United 

States. 
1902 Capture of General Lukban, the Filipino 

Leader. 
1902 Purchase of Danish-West Indies Islands. 

1902 Anthracite Coal Strike. 

1903 Destruction of Property by High Water. 
1903 Roosevelt's Journey Through the West. 
1903 Launching of the Minnesota. 

1903 Dedication of Exposition Buildings at St. 

Louis. 
1903 Ohio Centennial at Chillicothe. 



44 



Roosevelt's Cabinet. 

June, 1903. 

1. Secretary of State, John Hay of Ohio. 

2. Secretary of Treasury, Leslie M. Shaw of Iowa. 

3. Secretary of War, Elihu Root of New York. 

4. Attorney General, Philander C. Knox of Penn- 

sylvania. 

5. Postmaster General, Henry C. Payne of Wiscon- 

sin. 

6. Secretary of Navy, William H. Moody of Massa- 

chusetts. 

7. Secretary of Interior, Ethan A. Hitchcock of 

Missouri. 

8. Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson of Iowa. 

9. Secretary of Commerce, George B. Cortelyou of 

New York. 






45 



777 Questions and Answers 



1. Define tradition. 

A. An oral account transmitted from father to son. 

2. Define biography. 

A. The history of the life of an individual. 

3. Define chronology. 

A. A science which treats of the various divisions of 

time. 

4. What is history? 

A. A record of past events. 

5. What is the central point in history? 
A. The birth of Christ. 

6. What are the divisions of history? 
A. Ancient. Medieval and Modern. 

7. Define ancient history. 

A. Ancient history extends from the earliest time to the 
fall of the Roman Empire — 476 A. D. 

8. Define medieval history. 

A. Medieval history extends from the fall of the Roman 
Empire to the close of the 15th Century. 

9. Define modern history. 

A. Modern history embraces all history from the close 
of the 15th century to the present time. 

10. What is knovvn as classical history? 

A. The history of the Greeks and Romans. 

11. What are the divisions of ancient history? 
A. Civil, sacred and profane. 

12. Define civil history. 

A. Civil history is an acccount of the rise, continuance, 
and fall of empires, kingdoms and states. 

47 



13. Define sacred history. 

A Is that which is contained in the Sacred Scriptures. 

14. Define profane history. 

A. Profane history is history other than Biblical. 

15. For what is ancient history distinguished? 

A. Ancient history is distinguished for the rise and fall 
of Assyria. Persia, Greece and Rome. 

16. For what is modern history distinguished? 

A. Modern history is distinguished for the art of print- 
ing, invention of gunpowder, and discovery of America. 

17. What is the history of the Middle Ages? 
A. Medieval history. 

18. The Middle Ages cover how many years? 
A. About 1,000. 

19. Name the five periods of United States history. 
A. 1. Aboriginal Period ( — to 1492.) 

2. Voyage and Discovery (1492 to 1607.) 

3. Colonial Period (1607 to 1775.) 

4. Revolutionary Period (1775 to 1789.) 

5. National Period (1789 to the present time.) 

20. Who were the first inhabitants of America? 

A. Tho first inhabitants of America were unknown. The 
name given them was Mound Builders. 

21. Why were they called Mound Builders? 

A. Because of their great mounds and earth works found 
in different parts of the country, of which the Indians 
have no tradition. 

22. The Mound Builders were followed by what race? 
A. Indians. 

23. Why were the Indians so named? 

A. Columbus named them "Indians" because he thought 
the island he had found was a part of India of East- 
ern Asia. 

24. Name the eight large Indian tribes. 

A. Algonquin, Huron-Iroquois, Dakota or Sioux, 
Catawba, Cherokee, Uchees, Natches and Mobilian. 



48 



25. Which of these tribes was the largest and which the 
most powerful in war? 

A. (a) Algonquin. (b) Huron-Iroquois. 

26. Who first claimed that the earth was round? Who 
confirmed it? Who undertook to prove it? 

A. (a) Toscanelli, (b) Sir John Mandeville, (c) Christo- 
pher Columbus. 

27. What was the exciting problem of the ISth century? 
A. Finding an nearer route to India. 

28. How is Marco Polo connected with the discovery of 
America? 

A. He e.xcited the people of Europe about the Indies in 
his wonderful account of the riches of Cathay and the 
island of Cipango. 

29. Why did Columbus wish to sail to India? 

A. Because the route at that time to this country of 
spices, pearls, silks and gold was overland. Colum- 
bus was also a deeply religious man, and wished to 
bring the barbarous nations of the far East to the 
knowledge of the Christian faith. 

30. When and by whom was Greenland discovered? 
A. In 985 by Eric the Red, an Icelandic chief. 

31. What did the Northmen call this country? 
A. Vinland or Good Vinland. 

32. Who was the first white child born in America. 
A. Snorri in 1007. 

33. Who was Madoc? 

A. Madoc, a Welshman, is supposed to have crossed the 
Atlantic in 1170, and founded a colony in this coun- 
try. He and his colony were never heard from but 
the Mandans, a tribe of Indians who are nearly white, 
trace their origin to Madoc's colony. 

34. When, where and by whom was the Western Contin- 
ent first seen b}' white men? 

A. (a) 986, (b) Labrador, (c) Herjulfson. 

35. What caused the depopulation of Greenland in 1350? 
A. A great plague spread thither from Norway.- 

49 



36. When and by whom was the real discovery of Amer- 
ica made? 

A. October 12. 1492, by Christopher Columbus. 

37. Who of Columbus's expedition first saw the land? 

A. Roderigo de Triana first saw the island which was 
named San Salvador. 

38. What dues the word San Salvador mean? 
A. Holy Savior. 

39. Where did Columbus apply for aid to fit out an ex- 
pedition? 

A. First to his own countrymen, then to the king of 
Portugal, then to Spain and in the meantime he sent 
his brother Bartholomew to England. 

40. Who finally furnished him with ships and money? 
A. Queen Isabella of Spain. 

41. From where did Columbus start on his first voyage? 
A. From Palos, Spain, August 3, 1492. 

42. How many voyages did Columbus make? 
A. Four; 1492. 1493. 1498 and 1502. 

43. When and by whom was America first so called? 
Why? 

A. 1507 by WaldesmuUer, of Fribourg, a German pro- 
fessor. Because Amerigo Vespucci wrote the first 
account of it. 

44. Of what did Columbus build a fort on Haiti? 
A. Of the Santa Maria, one of his vessels. 

45. What were the names of Cokimbus's vessels? 
A. Pinta. Nina and Santa Maria. 

46. What title was given to Columbus? 
A. Viceroy of the New World. 

47. When and where did Columbus die? 
A. May 20, 1506, at Valladolid, Spain. 

48. Give an account of his burial. 

A. His remains were carried to Seville; afterward they 
were removed to San Domingo, and in 1796 to the 
cathedral at Havana where they now rest. (?) 

SO 



49. What nations took an active part in exploring North 
America? 

A. Spain, England. France and Holland. 

50. Name the most important Spanish discoverers and 
explorers. 

A. Columbus, Vespucci, Balboa, Ponce de Leon, De Soto, 
Magellan, Grijalvah, De Ayllon, De Narvaez and 
Malendez. 

51. When and by whom was Florida discovered? 
A. 1512 by Ponce de Leon. 

52. When and by whom was the Pacific Ocean discovered? 
A. September 26, 1513 by Balboa. 

53. When and by whom was Mexico discovered? 

A. 1518 by Grijalvah. It is also claimed that Cordova 
made this discovery in 1517. 

54. From whom was Balboa fleeing? 

A. From his creditors and the wrath of the king. He 
was a freebooter. 

55. How did Balboa get to America' 

A He hid himself in the hold of a vessel and when far 
out at sea he came from his hiding place and begged 
mercy. 

56. What became of Ponce de Leon? 

A. He was wounded in a battle with the Indians in 
Florida. 'He sailed back to Cuba where he died 
from the wound which he had received. 

57. When and by whom was Yucatan discovered? 
A. In 1517, by Cordova. 

58. Who first circumnavigated the globe? 
A. Magellan, 1519-21. 

59. Where was Magellan killed? 

A. On one of the Philippine Islands, in a skirmish with 
the natives. 

60. What ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe? 
A. The Victoria, the ship which Magellan commanded. 

51 



_J 



61. When and by whom was the Mississippi river dis- 
covered ? 

A. In 1541 by De Soto, near where Memphis now stands. 

62. What explorer made the Indians believe he was a 
Child of the Sun? 

A. De Soto. 

63. When did De Soto die and where was he buried? 
A. In 1542. In the river which he discovered. 

64. What, when and by whom was the oldest town in 
United States founded? 

A. St. Augustine, in 1565, by Malendez. 

65. Who was Malendez? 

A. Pedro Malendez, "a soldier of ferocious disposition 
and criminal practice," was sent by the king of 
Spain to colonize Florida and destroy a colony of 
French Protestants called Huguenots near the mouth 
of the St. John's river. 

66. Name the most important French explorers. 
A. Verrazzani and Cartier. 

67. Who was called the "Father of New France" ? 
A. Samuel de Champlain. 

68. What was the foundation of the French claim in. 
America? 

A. Verrazzani's voyage. 

69. What did James Cartier discover? 

A. The river and gulf of St. Lawrence in 1535. 

70. What was the first permanent French settlement in 
the New World? 

A. Port Royal, N. S. , in 1605. 

71. What is the name of the vessel in which Verrazzani 
sailed? 

A. The Dauphin. 

72. When and by whom was Quebec founded? 
A. By Samuel de Champlain, in 1608. 

73. Where was Champlain buried? 

A. Under a flight of stairs in Quebec. 

52 



74. When and by whom Avas Brazil discovered? 
A. In 1500, by Cabral. 

75. Name the most important English discoverers and 
explorers. 

A. The Cabots, Sir Francis Drake. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 
Sir Walter Raleigh, Bartholomew Gosnold, Martin 
Pring and George Weymouth. 

76. When and by whom was the mainland of North 
America discovered? 

A. May 24, 1497, by John Cabot. 

77. Who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the 
globe? 

A. Sir Francis Drake. 

78. What was the name of the vessel in which Drake 
sailed? 

A. The Pelican or Golden Hind. 

79. How long did it take him to make thi^ voyage? 
A. Two years and ten months. 

80. What did Drake call the western coast of the United 
States? 

A. New Albion. 

81. Where were the French settlements of America 
mostly located ? 

A. Near the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. 

82. Who, where and when was the first white child 
born ot English parents in America? 

A. Virginia Dare, on Roanoke Island, in 1587. 

83. Who was the founder of the city of Raleigh? 
A. Sir Walter Raleigh. 

84. Who was chosen first governor of Raleigh? 
A. Ralph Lane. 

85. What did Raleigh call the lands which he explored? 
A. Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth who was called the 

Virgin Queen. 

86. When and by whom was Cape Cod discovered? 
A. 1602. by Bartholomew Gosnold. 

53 



87. When and by whom was the Penobscot river dia- 
covered? 

A. 1605. by Weymouth. 

88. What can you say of Raleigh's success in trying to 
found a colony in America? 

A. Unsuccessful. Spent all his fortune, about $200,000. 

89. What is meant by the "Lost Colony of America" ? 
A. The colony which Raleigh left on Roanoke Island. 

No trace of it was ever found. 

90. Where did Raleigh write his ' 'History of the World' ' ? 
A. In the Tower, a prison in London. 

91. How was Raleigh's life ended? 

A. After being in prison twelve years he was beheaded. 

92. What was the English claim in America and on 
what was it based? 

A. The English claim of Virginia stretched from Florida 
as far as Labrador and was based on the voyages of 
the Cabots. 

93. By what right did Spain claim the Pacific coast? 
A. By exploration. 

94. Name four Portuguese navigators. 

A. Magellan, Cortereal, Vasco da Gama and Cabral. 

95. Name the leading Dutch explorers. 

A. Hudson, Baffin, May, Block, Christiansen. 

96. On what was the Dutch claim based? 

A. On Hudson's discovery, and extended from the 40th to 
the 45th degree north latitude. 

97. Locate New Netherlands. 

A. New Netherlands extended from Cape Cod to Cape 
Henlopen. 

98. Locate New Sweden. 

A. New Sweden extended from the Delaware Bay to the 
Falls near Trenton. 

99. Who sailed in the "Half Moon"? 
A. Henry Hudson. 

54 



100. When, where and by whom was the "Unrest" built? 
A. By Adrian Block, in 1614, on Manhattan Island. 

101. What became of Henry Hudson? 

A. While he was exploring the Hudson Bay, his crew 
mutinied, and set him adrift in an open boat with 
his son and eight of his companions. Nothing was 
ever heard of them since. 

102. Who sailed in the "Fortune" ? 
A. Cornelius May. 

103. What was Henry Hudson in search of? 
A. He sought a nearer passage to Asia. 

104. Name the forms of colonial government? 

A. Charter, Proprietary, Royal or Provincial, Commer- 
cial Association, Voluntary Association. 

105. When, where and by whom was the first permanent 
English settlement made in the United States? 

A. 1607. Jamestown, Virginia, by Christopher Newport. 

106. What two companies were organized, April 10, 1606, 
and what territory was granted each? 

A. London and Plymoutli Companies. The London 
Company was given power to establish settlements 
anywhere between the 34th and 38th degrees north 
latitude. The Plymouth Company between the 41st 
and 45th degree of north latitude. 

107. What river was once called the Jordan? 
A. The James river in Virginia. 

108. How many charters were granted the London Company ? 
A. Three; 1st, 1606, 2d, 1609 and 3d, 1612. 

109. When was the London Company dissolved? 
A. 1624 when Virginia became royal. 

110. What is known as the "Starving Time" in Virginia? 
A. The winter of 1609 and '10, when the colonists were 

reduced in number from 490 to 60. 

111. When and where was the first legislative assembly 
held in America? 

A. 1619, at Jamestown. This body was called the 
House of Burgesses. 

55 



112. What distinguished man was among the English 
settlers at Jamestown? 

A. John Smith. 

113. When and where was the first Indian massacre in 
Virginia? 

A. March 22, 1622, at Jamestown. 

114. Give a short biography of Captain John Smith. 

A. He had fought for freedom in Holland; he traveled 
through France and visited Italy and Egypt; he had 
battled against the Turks in Hungary; served as a 
slave in Constantinople and the Crimea; escaped 
through Russia and found a new field for adventure in 
Morocco. He finally became the guardian genius of 
Virginia. 

115. With whose governorship did the true life of Virginia 
begin ? 

A. Sir George Yeardley. 

116. Who was the first governor of Virginia? 
A. Edward Wingfield. 

117. What year marks the introduction of slavery? 
A. 1619. 

118. Give date and cause uf King Philip's War. 
A. 1675. Jealousy. 

119. Who was called the "Father of Virginia"? 
A. Captain John Smith. 

120. Give date and cause of Bacon's Rebellion. 

A. 1676. Indian depredations and the king's grant of 
Virginia to Lords Arlington and Culpepper. 

121. What remark did Charles II. make about Gov- 
ernor Berkeley? 

A. After Berkeley had hanged twenty-two men he said, 
"The old fool has taken more lives in that naked 
country than I, for the murder of my father." 

122. Who said, "I thank God there are no free schools and 
printing presses in America"? 

A. Goveror Berkeley. He claimed that these made men 
rebellious. 



56 



123. State the leading provfslons of the Navigation Act of 
1660. 

A. 1st. All colonial exports must be sent to England. 
2d. None but vessels bearing the English flag were 
allowed to trade in New England. 3d, a duty must 
be paid on both exports and imports. 

124. Who were the regicide judges? 

A. Those who condemned Charles I. to death. 
123! How many regicide judges were there? Name two. 
A. 59. Edward Whalley and William Goffe. 

126. When and why was Jamestown burned? 

A. During Bacon's rebellion. To prevent it from being 
captured by an English fleet. 

127. After Bacon's rebellion what became the capital of 
Virginia? 

A. Williamsburg. 

128. Why was Bacon's burial place kept a secret? 

A. Because Berkeley had threatened to hang the body in 
chains on a gibbet. 

129. Who uttered the words, "My heart breaks, now I 
am ready to die" ' ? 

A. King Philip, when he heard that his wife and son had 
been sold into slavery. 

130. What noted man was a descendant of Pocahontas? 
A. John Randolph, of Roanoke, a noted politician. 

131. What was Pocahontas's Indian name? 
A. Matoaka. 

132. Who was "Lady Rebecca"? 

A. Pocahontas was so called by the English. 

133. Who introduced the cultivation of tobacco in Vir- 
ginia? 

A. John Rolfe. 

134. What two new plants did Raleigh introduce in England ? 
A. Tobacco and the potato. 

135. Who fell dead while engaged in prayer on the shore 
of Lake Michigan ? 

A. Father Marquette, a French missionary. 

57 



136. Under what circumstances were the words "Not as 
French but as heretics" used? 

A. After Manendez had murdered all the inhabitants of 
the French fort under Ribault, he nailed to a tree the 
inscription "Not as French but as heretics." 

137. Who sailed in the 'Griffin"? 
A. La Salle. 

138. Who was called the "Indian Apostle" ? 
A. John Eliot. 

139. Who sailed the first ship on the Great Lakes. 
A. La Salle. It was launched on Lake Erie. 

140. What was the first Bible printed in America called? 
A. Eliot's Indian Bible. 

141. What noted preacher gave all his earnings to the 
poor? 

A. John Eliot. 

142. When was New York first settled? 
A. 1613 (?) by the Dutch. 

143. Name the five Dutch Governors of New York. 

A. Verhulst. Peter Minuit, Wouter Van Twiller, Wil- 
liam Kieft, Peter Stuyvesant. 

144. When did the Dutch conquer New Sweden? 
A. 1655. 

145. When did New Amsterdam surrender to the English? 
A. 1664 

146. Name the first two English Governors of New York. 
A. Richard Nichols and Francis Lovelace, followed by 

Andros and Dongan. 

147. What was the negro plot? 

A. Several fires occurred in New York City in 1741. It 
was thought that a conspiracy had been formed by the 
negroes to kill the whites and thereby get control. 
Freedom being offered, several confessed to it and 
named the conspirators. Over one hundred were con- 
victed, thirty-eight put to death and fifty were sent 
to the West Indies. It was afterward thought that no 
plot existed. 

58 



148. Name a noted pirate. 

A. Cai'tain Kidd. He was sent out by a private enter- 
prise and afterward turned pirate, securing a large 
amount of treasure. He was arrested in Boston, 
taken to England and hanged in 1701. 

"Ever since the days of Captain Kidd, 
The Yankees think there's money hid." 

149. What was peculiar in the government of Plymouth? 
A. It was a pure democracy; i. e. , all the settlers in 

common meeting made the laws. 

150. Who was called "Old Wooden Leg"? 

A. Peter Stuyvesant, the last of the Dutch governors of 
New York. 

151. When was the freedom of the press established in New- 
York? 

A. 1734. 

152. When and where was Massachusetts first settled? 
A. 1620, at Plymouth. 

153. What and where is " Forefathers' Rock"? 

A. On the shore of Massachusetts due west from the ex- 
tremity of Cape Cod. 

154. Who was called the "Little Indian Fighter"? 
A. Miles btandish. 

155. What did Canonicus send to Governor Bradford and 
how did Bradford answer? 

A. A rattlesnake skin filled with arrows. Bradford filled 
it with powder and shot and sent it back. 

156. What composed the United Colonies of New England? 
A. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Plymouth and New Haven 

Colonies. 

157. When and by whom was Boston founded? 
A. 1630, by John Winthrop. 

158. Name two colonial annalists. 

A. John Winthrop and Governor Bradford. 

159. Give date and names of several leaders of the Salem 
Witchcraft. 

A. ■•^92. Parris, Mather, Phipos and Stoughton. 

59 



160. When was New Hampshire first settled? 
A. I'i23 at Dover and Portsmouth. 

161. What learned man wrote a book on witchcraft? 

A. Cotton Mather; to defend his attitude in the Salem 
witchcraft in which he was active. 

162. At what time did the Puritan Sabbath begin? 
A. Saturday evening at sunset. 

163. Who were the Puritans? 

A. They were members of the established church of Eng- 
land, who regarded the Protestant revolution in Eng- 
land as incomplete and urged that the English worship 
should be "purified." 

164. Who were the Separatists? 

A. The Separatists were a branch of Puritans who sep- 
arated themselves from the church of England. 

165. Why were the Pilgrims so called? 
A. Because of their wanderings. 

166. Give date and result of the Pequot War. 
A. 1637. Extermination of the tribe. 

167. Who urged the Narragansetts not to join the Pequots? 
A. Roger Williams. 

168. When, where, and by whom was Delaware settled? 
A. 1630 (?), Lewiston, by Swedes and Finns. 

169. Locate Laconia. 

A. The territory between Merrimac and Laconia rivers. 
The three northern New England states were so called, 
because of their many lakes. 

170. Who was the founder of Exeter? 
A. Rev. John Wheelwright. 

171. Who was the commander of the first New England 
army? 

A. Miles Standish. It consisted of nine men. 

172. When and by whom was Harvard College founded? 
A. 1636 (?) by an endowment of ;^400 voted by the state. 

Later John Harvard gave his library and half of his 
estate, hence its name. 



60 



173. When was the first printing press se-t up in the United 
States? 

A. 1639. In the house of the president of Harvard 
College. 

174. What was the first publication issued from an 
American press? 

A. The New England Almanac. 

175. Who sailed in the "Mayflower"? 
A. The Puritans. 

176. Who was called the "Hero of New England"? 
A. Miles Stand ish. 

177. By what colony was the ballot box first used? 
A. Massachusetts Bay colony in 1634. 

178. When, wheie and by whom was Maryland settled? 
A. 1634. St. Mary's. By Roman Catholics. 

179. Who was called the ' ' Light of the Western Churches' ' ? 
A. Thomas Hooker. 

180. When and where was Connecticut settled? 

A. 1636 (?) at Windsor. Hartford and Wethersfield? 

181. Who was called the "Tyrant of New England" ? 
A. Edmond Androp. 

182. When was Yale College founded? 
A. 1701. 

183. What colony adopted the Bible for their constitution? 
A. New Haven Colony. 

184. When was New Haven founded ? 
A. 1638. 

185. When and where was New Jersey settled? 
A. At Elizabethtovvn in 1664. 

186. When and by whom was Pennsylvania settled? 
A. 1681(?) by William Penn. 

187. How much did William Penn pay for Pennsylvania? 
A. ;^16.000. 

188. What was known as the "Great Treaty" ? 

A. The treaty that Penn made with the Indians which 
was never sworn to and never broken. 



61 



189. What is meant by the Blue Laws of Connecticut ? 

A. A code of laws noted for their severity. So called 
because they were printed on blue paper. 

190. When and by whom was Providence founded? 
A. 1636 by Roger Williams. 

191. What was the name of a Quaker law by which every 
thing was conceded to the people? 

A. The Concession. 

192. Who was called the "Scourge of Maryland" ? 
A. William Clayborne. 

193. What was known as the "Land of Summer" ? 
A. Florida was originally so called. 

194. When, where and by whom was Georgia settled? 
A. 1733, at Savannah by James Oglethorpe. 

195. What were James Oglethorpe's two motives? 
A. Patriotism and benevolence. 

196. Who was the founder of the Baptist Church? 
A. Roger Williams. 

197. Who was the founder of the Methodist Church? 
A. John Wesley. 

198. What was the "Grand Model" ? 

A. It was a constitution of North and South Carolina 
prepared by Lords Shaftsbury and John Locke. It 
proved to be too grand. Tt contained 120 articles. 

199. What was introduced into this country in the year 
1700? 

A. The cultivation of cotton and rice. 

200. Where was the first "Civil Body Politic" formed? 

A. On board the Mayflower, when the Pilgrim Fathers 
bound themselves by a solemn compact. 

201. What is meant by the Dutch? ^ 
A. The people of Holland. 

202. What is known as the "Toleration Act" in Mary- 
land ? 

A. A law passed by the State Legislature that all relig- 
ious denominations should be tolerated. 



63 



203. What was said of the attractions of Virginia to 
settlers? 

A. It was said to be "the best poor man's country in the 
world. " 

204. Who was the second Englishman to circumnavigate 
the globe? 

A. Cavendish. 

205. Who was the originator of the Mississippi scheme? 
A. John Law, a Scotch financier. 

206. What was paid the Indians for Rhode Island by Wil- 
liams and his friends? 

A. Forty fathoms of white wampum, twenty hoes, and 
ten coats. 

207. What was the beginning of our free public school 
system ? 

A. A public school was established in Boston in 1635, 
and in 1649 a law was passed providing for the free 
public education of every white child in Massachusetts. 

208. What colony first adopted a written constitution? 
A. The Connecticut Colony. 

209. What was Washington's first public service? 

A. When he served as Governor Dinwiddle's messenger. 

210. What permanent settlements were made in the begin- 
ning of the seventeenth century? 

A. The French at Port Royal, N. S., 1605. 
The English at Jamestown, 1607. 
The French at Quebec, 1608. 
The Dutch at New York 1613 (?) 
The Engli-sh at Plymouth, 1620. 

211. What was known as "Old Colony" ? 
A. The Plymouth Colony. 

212. What was known as the "South Sea" ? "The Sea of 
Darkness" ? 

A. (a) Pacific Ocean. (b) Atlantic Ocean. 

213. What Act of Parliament was styled "The folly of 
England and the ruin of America" ? 

A. The Stamp Act. 

63 



214. Name the five Intolerable Acts. 

A. Boston Port Bill, Transportation Bill, Massachusetts 
Bill, Quartering Act and Quebec Act. 

215. When did the "House of Burgesses" meet? 
A. 1619 at Jamestown, Va. 

216. What was the third Townshend Act? 

A. It laid taxes on glass, lead, painter's colors, paper and 
tea. 

217. What was the Sugar or Molasses Act? 

A. In 1733 Parliament laid a tax of 6d. a gallon on 
molasses and 5s. per hundredweight on sugar brought 
into this country from any other place than the 
British West Indies. 

218. Who founded the city of New Orleans? 

A. Bienville, a French Canadian explorer, in 1718. John 
Law, a Scotch financier, has also been credited with 
this. 

219. Who was called the "Traveler of the Middle Ages" ? 
A Marco Polo. 

220. Who was the first to die who came over in the May- 
flower? 

A. Rose Standish. 

221. Contrast the character of the settlers at Jamestown 
with that of those at Plymouth. 

A. The settlers of Jamestown were idle, dissolute and 
improvident; while those at Plymouth were indus- 
trious, sober and religious. 

222. What was the Navigation Act of 1631? 

A. That tobacco must be exported solely to England. 

223. Who was the leader of the New York settlement? 
A. Cornelius May, who sailed in the "Fortune." 

224. What was the object in making the settlement of 
Maryland ? 

A. To found an asylum for persecuted Catholics. 

225. Who were the Huguenots? 

A. French Protestants who came to Florida on account of 
religious persecution. Melendez murdered them. 

64 



226. Give name and date of each Inter-Colonial War. 
A. King William's War 1689-1697. 

Queen Anne's War 1702-1713. 
The Spanish War 1739-1744. 
King George's War 1744-1748. 
French and Indian War 1754-1763. 

227. Which of these wars is given by some historians as 
simply the trouble between England and Spain in 
the history of Georgia? 

A. The Spanish War. 

228. What was the cause of the Spanish War ? 

A. Commercial rivalry between England and Spain. 
Also conflicting territorial claims. 

229. What was the cause of King William's War? 

A. After the abdication of King James from the British 
throne, the King of France assisted him in his 
attempts to regain his throne by lending him an army. 
This caused a war between England and France which 
extended to their American colonies. 

230. What is the otlier name for Queen Anne's War? 
A. War of the Spanish Succession. 

231. What is the other name for King George's VVar? 
A. War of the Austrian Succession. 

232. Give name and nature of treaty that closed King 
William's War. 

A. Ryswick. Each side held the same territory as before. 

233. How were the expenses of the expedition against 
Quebec in King William's War paid? 

A. By the first issue of paper luoney, issued by the Mas- 
sachusetts Bay Colony. 

234. What was the beginning of our postal service? 

A. The first post v/as established by Benjamin Frank- 
in in 1754. 

235. What was the cause of the series of wars known as 
the Inter-Colonial or French and Indian Wars? 

A. A desire for supremacy in Amercia by the French and 
English, together with their natural enmity. 

65 



236. How did the Spanish War close? 

A. It simply merged into King George's War in 1744. 

237. What was the cause of Queen Anne's War? 

A. The King of Spain having died without leaving a 
direct heir, it affected the balance of power in the suc- 
cessions, which finally led to a declaration of war 
against Louis XIV. and was carried to the American 
Colonies. 

238. How were the Quakers treated in Massachusetts? 

A. First they were whipped; then their tongues were 
pierced with hot irons; and finally they were hanged. 

239. Who invented postage stamps? 
A. A Scotch printer. 

240. Who were the "Covenanters"? 

A. Scotch Presbyterians who dissented from the church 
of Scotland and settled in New Jersey. They were 
also called "Cameronians. " 

241. What was the Ohio Company? 

A. A number of Virginians organized themselves into a 
company to trade with the Indians and to resist the 
French fur traders from settling in the Ohio Valley. 

242. Who first established religious freedom in America? 
A. Roger Williams. 

243. What was known as New France? 

A. Nova Scotia. Canada was also knuwn by this name. 

244. What was known as New Spain? 

A. Mexico was thus called by the Spainards. So also was 
Florida. 

245. What was called the "New Roof" ? 

A. The Constitution was so called by the Federalists. 

246. Where was the Constitutional Convention held? 
A. In Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. 

247. Name the thirteen original colonies. 

A. Ntw Hampshire, Massachusetts. Connecticut, Rhode 
Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Dela- 
ware, Maryland. Virginia, North Caroli'^a, South 
Carolina, and Georgia. 

66 



248. How many Pilgrims settled at Plymouth In 1620? 
A. 102, of which one-half died the first winter. 

249. What was the cause of King George's War? 

A. A dispute as to the Austrian crown, which extended 
to the American colonies. 

250. What is meant by Mason and Dixon's Line? 

A. A dispute arose between William Penn and Lord Balti- 
more concerning a boundary line. Penn was finally 
granted one-half of the land lying between Chesa- 
peake and Delaware Bays. The boundary was fixed 
by two surveyors. Mason and Dixon, (1763-1767). 
During the Civil war this line marked the division 
between the free and the slave Atlantic states? 

251. What was the name and terms of the treaty that 
closed King George's War? 

A. Aix la Chapelle. Fixed the boundary line beween 
Georgia and Florida and left the colonial territory 
unchanged. 

252. When was Louisburg fortified? 
A. In 1745. 

253. How was Louisburg fortified? 

A. By walls of solid masonry thirty feet high. 

254. By whom was it fortified? 

A. By the French. The fortifications cost millions. 

255. Where is Schenectady? 

A. Seventeen miles west of Albany. 

256. Where is Haverhill? 

A. Thirty-three miles north of Boston. 

257. Where is Deerfield ? 

A. In Northwestern Massachusetts. 

258. Where is Louisburg? 
A. On Cape Breton Island. 

259. Who were the Esquimaux? 

A. The people who inhabited the northern parts of 
America. 

260. What does the name Esquimau mean? 
A. Eater of raw meat. 

67 



261. What country was once called Acadia? 

A. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and a part of Maine. 

262. Name a metaphysician and a philosopher of the 
Colonial Period. 

A. (a) Jonathan Edwards; (b) Benjamin Franklin. 

263. Whence did Connecticut get its name? 

A. From the name of its principal river, which the 
Indians called Connecticut. 

264. Who wrote the " History of the Plymouth Plantation" ? 
A. William Bradford in 1588. 

265. Who wrote the "History of New England" ? 
A. John Winthrop in 1588. 

266. Name two poets of the Colonial Period. 

A. Mrs. Anne Bradstreet and Michael Wigglesworth. 

267. Who wrote " Essays to do Good" ? 
A. Cotton Mather. 

268. What was the first English book printed in America? 
A. "Bay Psalm Book." 

269. What was the first book written by an English 
colonist? 

A. John Smith's "True Account of Virginia." 

270. In what three fields was Benjamin Franklin famous? 
A. As an author, statesman and philosopher. 

271. Describe the Charter Government. 

A. That form in which the King granted a charter 
directed to the colonists, and under its restrictions 
they governed themselves. 

272. Define the Proprietary Government. 

A. That form in which the colony was controlled by one 
or more persons who owned the territory. 

273. Define Royal Province or Provincial Government. 

A. That form in which the colony was controlled by a 
man appointed by the King. 

274. Define Commercial Association. 

A. That form in which the colony was controlled by a 
company whose object was financial profit. 

68 



27i>. Definite Voluntary Association. 
A. That form in which the colonists made and executed 
their own laws, without authority from the King. 

276. To what Genoese sailor are we most indebted? 
A. Christopher Columbus. 

277. Who conquered Peru? 

A. Pizarro in his third attempt. 

278. When was communication with the New World cut 
off? 

A. When Greenland and Iceland were depopulated by a 
great plague in 1350. 

279. What was the cause of the French and Indian War 
and what treaty closed it? 

A. Disputed territory. Treaty of Paris. 

280. What was the nature of this treaty? 

A. The whole extent of North America, east of the Mis- 
sissippi river, from the far north to the Gulf of 
Mexico, fell into the hands of the English. 

281. What was the final event of this war? 

A. The capture of Quebec by the English in 1759. 

282. What two generals were killed in the battle of 
Quebec? 

A. General Wolfe and General Montcalm. 

283. What was the population of the Colonies in 1763? 

A. Nearly 2,000.000, of which about one-sixth were slaves. 

284. What is known as the "Gibraltar of America" ? 
A. Quebec, on account of its strong fortress. 

285. What did the Prime Minister of England. Lord 
North, say when he signed the treaty of 1783? 

A. "It is all over." 

286. How much territory did we acquire under the treaty 
of 1783? 

A. 827,844 square miles. 

287. What was the Boston Port Bill? 

A. An act passed by Parliament forbidding the landing 
of goods in Boston. 

69 



288. What is another name given the Separatists? 
A. They were called "Brownists. '* 

289. Name two strange delusions of Colonial times. 

A. The Salem Witchcraft in Massachusetts, and the 
"Negro Plot" in New York. 

290. What was the French and Indian War called in 
Europe? 

A. The Seven Years' War. 

291. What was the first American journal? 

A. The Boston News Letter, established in 1704. 

292. What effect did the French and Indian War have 
upon the Indians? 

A. It caused what is known as Pontiac's Conspiracy. 

293. How did England propose to pay her war debt? 

A. By taxing the colonies with a share of the expense. 

294. Who was King of England at the close of the French 
and Indian War? 

A. George III. 

295. What Englishman was in favor of acknowledging the 
independence of the United States in 1778? 

A. William, the first Earl of Chatham. 

296. What is called the "Cradle of Liberty" ? 

A. Faneuil Hall, built in 1740, and given to the town of 
Boston by Peter Faneuil. 

297. What is meant by "Old Style" and "New Style" 
in history? 

A. In the year 1752 a correction was made in the Cal- 
endar; and time reckoned before 1752 is therefore 
Old Style, after 1752 New Style. 

298. What was done in the Albany Convention? 

A. A plan of permanent union was submitted to the 
convention by Dr. Franklin. This convention was 
composed of all the colonies north of the Potomac and 
was held at Albany, New York. 1754. 

299. What was the principal battle of King Philip's War? 
A. The Swamp Fight, which took place in Rhode Island. 

70 



300 When and by whom was Pontiac killed? 
A. In 1769 by Cahokia, an Indian, for the bribe of a 
barrel of liquor. 

301. Who were the Acadians? 

A. They were a simple-minded, rural people, who lived 
in Acadia, now called Nova Scotia. They were com- 
pelled to go on board the English ships at the 
point of bayonets to be transported to British colonies 
in America. Wives husbands and children were 
separated never to see each other again. Longfel- 
low's "Evangeline" pathetically describes the mis- 
fortunes of these exiles. 

302. By what measure did England begin her oppressions 
on the Colonists? 

A. By imposing duties on imported articles. A law 
providing for this was called the "Navigation Act." 

303. What was the "Stamp Act." 

A. A law providing that all deeds, notes, bills, and other 
legal documents, should be written on stampecj paper. 

304. What is said of the first Colonial Congress? 

A. It was held in New York City, October 7, 1765. Nine 
Colonies were represented and a protest against the 
Stamp Act was made. Timothy Ruggles of Massa- 
chusetts was its president. 

305. When and where did the P^irst Continental or Second 
Colonial Congress meet? 

A. September 5, 1774, at Philadelphia. 

306. When and where did the Second Continental Congress 
meet? 

A. May 10, 1775, at Philadelphia. 

307. What measures were taken by it? 

A. War was declared, and George Washington was ap- 
pointed Commander-in-Chief. 

308. What were the Writs of Assistance? 

A. They gave the King's officers the authority to search 
for smuggled goods. They therefore could enter a 
man's house at their own pleasure. 

71 



309. What was Richard Henry Lee's motion June 7 1776? 
A. "That these United Colonies are and of right ought 

to be, free and independent states." 

310. What Committee prepared the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence? 

A. Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, Benjamin Frank- 
lin. John Adams and Robert R. Livingstone. 

311. Who were the "Minute Men" ? 

A. Colonists in Massachusetts, who pledged themselves. 
to take the field any minute they might be called. 

312. When was the Stamp Act repealed and what English- 
men favored its repeal. 

A. February 22, 1766. William Pitt and Edmund 
Burke. 

313. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? 
A. Thomas Jefferson. 

314. When and by whom was the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence signed? 

A. Aug. 2, 1776, by the fifty-six members of Congress. 

315. What were the "Mecklenburg Resolutions" ? 

A. A prelude to the Declaration of Independence. A 
"declaration of independence"made by the citizens 
of Mecklenburg County, N. C. 

316. When were the Articles of Confederation framed? 
A. 1776-1777. 

317. When adopted by the states? 
A. 1777-1781. 

318. When did they go into force? 
A. March 1, 1781. 

319. What two leading defects were in the Articles of Con- 
federation? 

A. (a) No taxing power. (b) No power to regulate 
trade. 

320. What was the first battle of the Revolution? 
A. Battle of Lexington. April 19, 1775. 

321. When and where was the battle of Bunker Hill fought? 
A. June 17, 1775, on Breed's Hill. 

72 



322. Who commanded the British troops in 1775? 

A. Clinton, Burgoyne and Howe. 
32o. Who were the Royalists or Tories? 

A. Those who were loyal to England during the Revo- 
lution. 

324. Who were the Patriots or Whigs? 

A. Those who supported the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

325. What was the second military event of the Revolu- 
tionary War? 

A. The capture of Fort Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen and 
the Greten Mountain Boys. 

326. Who was the financier of the Revolution? 

A. Robert Morris. 

327. When and by whom was General Prescott captured? 
A. July 10, 1777, by Colonel Barton. 

328. Give date and result of battle of Long Island. 
A. Aug. 27, 1776. Britisli victory. 

329. In what battle did Sergeant Jasper replace the flag 
staff? 

A. Battle of Fort Moultrie. June 28, 1776. 

330. Who were our aid commissioners sent to France in 
1776. 

A. Arthur Lee, Benjamin Franklin and Silas Deane. 

331. Who wsre the Hessians? 

A. Germans from Hesse-Cassel, who were hired by the 
British Government to fight the Americans. Thirty- 
five dollars was paid for each soldier killed, and three 
wounded were counted as one killed. 

332. What famous retreat took place in 1776? 
A. Washington's retreat. 

333. Give date and result of battle of Trenton. 
A. Dec. 26, 1776. American victory. 

334. In what battle was Betty Stark the watchword? 
A. Battle of Bennington, August 16, 1777. 

335. When were the Stars and Stripes adopted ? 
A. June 14, 1777. 

73 



336. What battle is said to be the turning point of the 
Revolution' 

A. Second battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7, 1777. 

337. When did Burgoyne surrender? 
A. Oct. 17, 1777. 

338. Where was the American army during the winter of 
1777- '78? 

A. Valley Forge, Pa. 

339. Give name, date and result of the first battle in 1777. 
A. Princeton, Jan. 3. American victory. 

340. In the campaign of 1777 to '81, what two facts are 
notable? 

A. (a) The French became allies of the Americans. (b) 
The war was carried on chiefly in the North. 

341. On what date did France make a Treaty of Alliance 
with the United States? 

A. Feb. 6, 1778, thereby acknowledging the independence 
of the United States. 

342. What was the characteristic color of the English 
soldiers' uniforms? 

A. Red. The English were called Red Coats, in contra- 
distinction to the Americans. 

343. Why was the war called Revolutionary? 

A. Because an entire change of government was effected 
by it. 

344. In what battle did Washington severely rebuke the 
commanding general, and himself rally the troops to 
battle? 

A. Monmouth, June 28, 1778. 
345 What was the Conway Cabal ? 
A. A conspiracy, led by an Irishman named Conway, to 
depose Washington and give the command of the 
armies to General Gates. 

346. When and by whom was Stony Point captured? 
A. July 15, 1779, by Mad Anthony Wayne. 

347. What was known as the "Ragged Regiment"? 
A. Francis Marion's army. 



74 



.348. Who in the year 1777 invaded the United States frjin 
Canada? 
A. General Biirgoyne with 8,000 English and Indian 

troops. 
449. Where did Congress meet while the British held 
Philadelphia? 
A. At York and Lancaster. Pa. 

350. Name a traitor of the Pxevolution. 
A Benedict Arnold. 

351. What did he receive from the English? 

A He was to receive ^{^lO.OOO and a rank of brigadier 
general in the English army, but instead he got only 
about $30,000. 

352. Who was Major Andre? 

A. A British officer who negotiated with Arnold for the 
surrendei of West Point. 

353. When and where was Andre hanged? 
A. Oct. 2, 1780 at Tappan, N. Y. 

354. Who was the most prominent naval leader of the 
Americans? 

A. Paul Jones. 

355. Where was the American army during the winters of 
1778-79 and 1780-81? 

A. At Middlebrook. N. J. At Morristown. N. J. 

356. Where was the most fighting done in 1780? 
A. In South Carolina. 

357. Give date and result of the battle of Camden. 
A. Aug. 16, 1780. British victory. 

358. Who succeeded Gates after this battle? 

A. General Greene. 

459. Who captured Andre? 

A. John Paulding, Isaac Van Wert and David Williams. 

360. What event brought the Revoluionary War to a close? 
A. The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown Oct. 19, 

1781. 

361. To whom did Cornwallis surrender? 
A. Washington. 

75 



362. Name the commissioners who signed the treaty of 
Paris? 

A. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay and 
Henry Lawrence of America, and Messrs. Oswald and 
Fitz Herbert of England. 

363. Give date and terms of treaty of Paris. 

A. September 3, 1783. England acknowledged the 
independence of the United States. The northern 
boundary was fixed at the Great Lakes and the 
Mississippi marked the western boundary.. Florida 
was ceded back to Spain. 

364. What was Paul Jones's principal naval engagement? 
A. The capture of the Serapis off the coast of England. 

365. What did the Revolutionary War cost England? 
A. Nearly 50,000 men and $600,000,000. 

366. What did the Revolutionary War cost the United 
States? 

A. About 40,000 men and $135,000,000. 

367. When was the Constitutional Convention held? 
A. May 14 to September 17. 1787. 

368. Who more than any others brought about the Consti- 
tutional Convention? 

A. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. 

369. How long did the government under tlie Articles of 
Confederation continue? 

A. From 1781 to 1789. 

370. When did the United States become a nation and 
when did the colonies become states? 

A. July 4, 1776. 

371. Who was the president of the Constitutional Conven- 
tion .' 

A. George Washington. 

372. Who was called the "Father of the Constitution"? 
A. James Madison. 

373. Name the first and the last state that adopted the 
Constituti<m. 

A. Delaware and Rhode Island. 



76 



374. Give date and cause of Shay's Rebellion. 

A. 1787 in Massachusetts. Certain people of that state 
threatened to overthrow the government because of 
taxes the}' had to pay. 

375. When and where was Ohio first settled? 
A. 1788 at Marietta. 

376. Who was the first governor of Ohio? 
A. Edward Tiffin. 

.■^77. When was the Northwest Territory organized? 
A. 1787. 

378. What states have been carved out of the Northwest 
Territory? 

A. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and 
a part ofMinnesota. 

379. What was the Southwest Territory? 
A. The region south of the Ohio. 

380. What states have been formed from it? 

A. Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama. 

381. When was George Washington elected president? 
A. In January, 1789. 

382. When was the Constitution put into effect? 
A. April 30, 1789. 

383. When and where was Washington inaugurated? 
A. April 30, 1789, at New York City. 

384. Who administered the oath of office? 
A. Chancellor Livingston. 

385. What noted persons from abroad gave their aid to the 
Americans in the Revolution? 

A. LaFayette, Baron Steuben, DeKalb, Count Pulaski, 
Count de Grasse, Count de Rochambeau and Count 
D' Estaing. 

386. Who were the Federalists? 

A. Those who favored the Constitution. 

387. Who were the Anti-Federalists? 
A. Those who favored State Rights. 

77 



388. Name the leading Federalists. 

A. Washington, Hamilton. John Adams. Marshall, 
Pinckney and others. 

389. Name the leading Anti-Federalists. 

A. Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Burr and others. 

390. Name Washington's cabinet. 

A. Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, Alexander 
Hamilton. Secretary of Treasury; Henry Knox, Sec- 
retary of War; Edmund Randolph. Attorney General. 
John Jay was appointed Chief Justice. 

391. When was the Bank of the United States established? 
A. In the year 1791. 

392. When was the first census taken and what was the 
population? 

A. 1790. About 3,930,000. 

393. What was the first ten amendments to the Constitu- 
tion called ? 

A. The Bill of Rights. 

394. When and by whom was the cotton gin invented? 
A. 1793 by Eli Whitney. 

395. What was the first step for a revenue? 

A. Duties were laid on imported articles (such duties as 
we call tariff) and on certain domestic manufactures. 

396. What was the public debt in 1789? 
A. Nearly $8,000,000. 

397. In what year did Franklin die? 
A. In 1790. 

398. What states were admitted prior to 1800? 

A. Vermont, 1791, Kentucky, 1792, and Tennessee, 1796. 

399. Give a history of the seat of our government. 

A. It was located in New York till 1790, and from 1790 
to 1800 at Philadelphia, from 1800 to the present 
time at Washington. 

400. When and where was the Whiskey Rebellion? 
A. 1794. In western Pennsylvania. 

401. When did Congress first assemble at Washington City? 
A. In December. 1800. 

78 



402. What was the campaign issue in 1796? 
A. Jay's Treaty with England. 

403. Give date and terms of Jay's Treaty. 

A. 1795. Both parties agreed to carry out at once the 
neglected features of the treaty of 1783. 

404. How was Thomas Jefferson elected? 
A. By the House of Representatives. 

405. When did Washington die? 
A. December 14, 1799. 

406. Who delivered the funeral oration? 
A. General Henry Lee. 

407. What were the hostilities with France in Adams's 
administration called? 

A. The Quasi War. 

408. What were the Alien and Sedition Laws and when 
were they passed ? 

A. The first gave the president the power to banish from 
the country any alien or foreigner whom he deemed 
dangerous to its welfare. The second undertook to 
punish with fine and imprisonment any one who 
should speak, write or publish anything false against 
the president or government. These laws were 
passed in 1798 but were very unpopular. 

409. What were Washington's last words? 

A. "I die hard, but I am not afraid to go." 

410. When was the department of the navy established? 
A. 1798. 

411. What was the Capitol in Washington called in 1800? 
A. "Palace in the Wilderness." 

421. What were the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions? 
A. They declared the Alien and Sedition Laws uncon- 
stitutional. 

413. What national song was written in 1798? 
A. "Hail Columbia" by Joseph Hopkinson. 

414. When was the eleventh amendment adopted? 
A. 1798. 



79 



415. What was the Stamp Tax? 

A. It was a tax similar to the one of 1765. 

416. What was the Direct Tax of 1798? 

A It was a tax laid on lands, houses and negro slaves; 
the first of its kind in our history. 

417. What did these taxes cause in eastern Pennsylvania? 
A. Fries's Rebellion of 1798. 

418. What was done with Fries? 

A. He was tried for treason, sentenced to be hanged, 
and then pardoned. 

419. Who was the second Vice-President of the United 
States? 

A. Thomas Jefferson. 

420. Who said "Millions for defense but not one cent 
for tribute" ? 

A. Charles C. Pinckney. 

421. What were the X. Y. Z. papers? 

A. They were papers that contained a report of the 
demands to Congress made by the private French 
agents. The president used the letters X. Y. Z. for 
the names of the French agents. 

422. When was the twelfth amendment made? 
A. 1804. 

423. Who introduced the custom of the president's annual 
message? 

A. Thomas Jefferson. 

424. When was the Tripolitan War? 
A. 1801-1805. 

425. When was Ohio admitted into the union? 
A. 1803. 

426. What laws were repealed in Jefferson's administra- 
tion ? 

A. The Alien and Sedition Laws. 

427. When was the purchase of Louisiana made? 
.■\. 1803, from France, for $15,000,000. 

428. What event happened on the 11th of July, 1804? 
A The Hamilton- Burr duel. 



80 



429. When and where was Dorr's Rebellion? 
A. 1842 in Rhode island. 

430. What was the cause of Dorr's Rebellion? 

A. Attempts were made to make the ancient charter of 
Rhode Island void. Rival governors being elected 
a rebellion followed. 

431. What was the cause of the Tripolitan War? 

A. Many of the inhabitants of the Barbary States, of 
which Tripoli is one, were pirates, who captured 
American vessels and held them until ransomed. 
In 1861, the Bashaw of Tripoli declared war against 
the United States but was defeated by the American 
fleet sent by Jefferson. 

432. Who invented the steamboat? 
A. Robert Fulton in 1807. 

433. What was the name of the first steamboat? 
A. The "Clermont." 

434. What were the Orders in Council? 

A. They forbade American vessels to enter any European 
port except in England and Sweden. 

435. What was the Milan Decree? 

A. It ordered the capture and sale of any American 
vessel that entered an English port. 

436. What is the date of Lewis and Clark's expedition? 
A. They were sent out May 14, 1804. 

437. When and by whom was Pike's Peak discovered? 
A. 1806 by Zebulon Pike. 

438. Who founded the Pacific Fur Company? 
A. John Jacob Astor of New York. 

439. What was the "American Doctrine" concerning 
naturalization. 

A. "A foreigner, naturalized, becomes a citizen. " 

440. What was the "British Doctrine" ? 

A. "Once an Englishman always an Englishman." 

441. What was the Embargo Act? 

A. An act forbidding American vessels to leave the ports 
of the United States. 



81 



442. What was tht Berlin Decree? 

A. It declared the British Islands to be blockaded. 

443. Why were the Berlin and Milan Decrees so called? 

A. Because Napjleon was at those places when he issued 
them. 

444. What motto did the United States adopt when Great 
Britain enforced the "Orders in Council" and im- 
posed other insults? 

A. " Free Trade and Sailor's Rights," and the United 
States determined to fight for those principles. 

445. What Orders and Decrees were issued by England 
and France in Jefferson's administration? 

A. In 1806, Orders in Council, followed by the Berlin 
Decree. In 1807, Orders in Council, toUowed by the 
Milan Decree. 

446. What was the Non-Intercourse Act? 

A. An act forbidding the people to trade with Great 
Britain and France but gave them liberty to trade 
with other foreign countries. 

447. What is treason? 

A. Giving assistance to the enemies of one's own govern- 
ment or otherwise assisting in the overthrow of such 
government. 

448. What was known as the "Paper Blockade"? 
A. The Orders in Council. 

449. When was Burr tried for treason? 
A. 1807. He was acquitteJ. 

450. What was the Importation Act? 

A. An act passed by Congress in 1807, prohibiting the 
importation of slaves after January 1. 1808. 

451. What was the Macon Bill? 

A. It restored trade with France and England, but de- 
clared that if either would withdraw its Decrees or 
Orders, the United States would stop all trade with 
the other. 

452. When was Louisiana admitted into the Union? 
A. 1812. 



82 



453. What was known as "Mr. Madison's War.' 
A. The War of 1812. 

454. What were the Henry Letters? 

A. Madison paid $50,000 for letters claimed by John 
Henry to contain positive proof of Henry's being 
employed by the English government in Canada to 
persuade the New England States to withdraw from 
the Union, and join themselves to Canada The 
letters were a fraud. 

455. What was the cause of the war of 1812? 

A. Impressment of American seamen by the British. 

456. When and by whom was the Capitol burned? 
A. August 24, 1814. By the British General Ross. 

457. What was the date of Perry's naval engagement on 
Lake Erie ? 

A. September 10, 1813. 

458. What message did Commodore Perry send Harrison? 
A. "We have met the enemy and they are ours; .two 

ships, two brigs, one sloop and a schooner." 

459. Give date and result of the battle of Lundy's Lane. 
A. July 25, 1814. American victory. 

460. Who wrote the "Star Spangled Banner" ? 

A. Francis Scott Key, during the bombardment of Fort 
McHenry. 

461. Upon what was it written? 

A. Upon the back of an old letter. 

462. What treaty closed the War of 1812? 

A. Treaty of Ghent, signed December 24, 1814. 

463. What was peculiar in the Treaty of Ghent? 

A. The great questions which occasioned the war were 
not mentioned in it. 

464. What was the Hartford Convention? 

A. The Federalists of New England met in convention at 
Hartford, Connecticut, in December, 1814. Its con- 
sultations were secret. George Cabot of Boston was 
chairman. The delegates declared that they met to 
secure defense for the New England States and pro- 

83 



pose certain amendments to the Constitution. They 
recommended seven amendments. Tiiis was the 
finishing stroke to the Federalist party. 

465. What battle was fought after the treaty of Ghent was 
signed ? 

A. The battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815. 

466. When was Inuiana admitted? 
A. In 1816. 

467. What were the dying words of Captain Lawrence? 
A. "Don't give up the ship." 

468. Who said, "I'll try, sir"? 
A. Colonel Miller. 

469. What was the National debt at the close of the war 
of 1812, and how was it paid off.-' 

A. $127,000,000; but within twenty years it was all paid 
off from the revenue. 

470. What was the Nullification Act? 

A. An act passed by South Carolina declaring the tariff 
law of Congress "null and void," and that the State 
would secede from the Union if compelled to collect 
revenues at the port of Charleston. 

471. To whom are we indebted for the Erie Canal? 
A. DeWitt Clinton of New York. 

472. What were the dimensions of the Erie Canal? 

A. 363 miles long, forty feet wide and four feet deep. 

473. How long did the Federal party exist? 
A. From 1787 to 1816. 

474. How long did the Democrat- Republican party exist' 
A. From 1787 to 1826 or '28. 

475. When was the first Seminole War? 
A. 1817 in Florida. 

476. From whom was Florida purchased? 
A. From Spain, in 1819 for $5,000,000. 

477. In whose administration was the "Era of Good Feel- 
ing"? 

A. Monroe's. 



84 



478. What was the "Colonization Society" of the United 
States? 

A. It was founded in 1816 for the purpose of providing 
a refuge for free colored persons. 

479. What place was chosen for this refuge? 
A. Liberia in Western Africa. 

480. Define the Monroe Doctrine. 

A. Monroe in his message of 1823 set forth the declara- 
tion that the American continents ars not subject tO' 
colonization by any European power. This has ever 
since been known as the Monroe Doctrine. 

481. What was the Missouri Compromise? 

A. Missouri was admitted as a slave state, and all states 
south of parallel 36° 30'; but slavery was forbidden 
in all territory north of this line and west of 
Missouri. 

482. Who were the "Doughfaces" ? 

A. The Northern men who voted for the Missouri Com- 
promise were so called by John Randolph of Virginia. 

483. Who was the author of the Missouri Compromise? 
A. Henry Clay 

484. What states were admitted during Monroe's adminis- 
tration? 

A. Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine and Missouri. 

485. What noted foreigner visited this country in 1824? 
A. La Fayette. He visited each state. 

486. By what popular name was the Erie Canal known? 
A. "Clinton's Big Ditch. " 

487. What two noted men died July 4, 1826? 
A. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. 

488. What were Jefferson's last words? 

A. "I give my heart tu my God, and my daughter to 
my country. ' ' 

489. Wliat were Adams's last words? 
A. "Jefferson still suivives. " 

490. When was the Anti-Masonic party organized? 
A. 1827. In western New York. 



85 



491. Who said, " I would rather be right than be pres- 
ident" ? 

A. Henry Clay. 

492. Who said. "I tremble for my country, when I reflect 
that God is just" ? 

A. Thomas Jefferson. 

493. What was called the "Kitchen Cabinet."? 

A. A score of President Jackson's intimate friends who 
were supposed to have had more influence with the 
Administration than his official advisers. • 

494. Who established "Rotation in Office"? 
A. Andrew Jackson. 

495. Define Protective Tariff? 

A. It is a duty on imported articles for the purpose 
of protecting and encouraging manufactures at home. 

496. Explain the meaning of internal improvements. 

A. It means the improving of the navigation of rivers, 
the building of bridges and railroads, etc. 

497. What state was admitted in 1836? 
A. Arkansas. 

498. What state was admitted in 1837? 
A. Michigan. 

499. When was the Black Hawk War? 

A. 1832. In Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. 

500. Who was the editor of the "Liberator"? 
A. William Lloyd Garrison. 

501. When and by what party was the first National 
Nominating Convention held? 

A. In 1831, by the Anti-Masonic party at Baltimore, 

502. Who proposed and secured the acceptance of our pres- 
ent decimal coinage system ? 

A. Thomas Jefferson. 

503. What noted statesman and ex-president wrote his own 
epitaph? 

A. Thomas Jefferson. 

504. Who was builder of the first American locomotive? 
A. Peter Cooper. 

86 



505. Who dictated the first telegraphic dispatch? 
A. Miss Ellsworth. "What hath God wrought." 

506. Who was the author of the "Biglow Papers"? 
A. James Russell Lowell. 

507. Who framed the first party platform? 
A. "Clay's Infant School" in 1832. 

508. How was John Quincy Adams elected president? 
A. By the House of Representatives. 

509. Who were the Abolitionists? 

A. Those who were in strong opposition to slavery. 

510. When was the New York fire and what was the loss? 
A. In 1835. About $18,000,000 worth of property was 

destroyed. 

511. What was the Specie Circular? 

A. It was issued by Jackson in 1837, and demanded that 
all payments to the government should be made in 
coin. 

512. Who were called the "Latter Day Saints"? 
A. The Mormons. 

513. When did James Monroe die? 
A. July 4, 1831. 

514. Who was elected in the "Hard Cider Campaign"? 
A. William Henry Harrison. 

515. What was the "Gag Rule" ? 

A. It forbade any petition, resolution or paper relating 
in any way to slavery, to be received in the House of 
Representatives. 

516. What was the "Sub-treasury Bill" ? 

\. It required all public moneys to be kept, not in 
banks, but in the treasury at Washington or in sub- 
treasuries at other cities. 

517. What was the "Steamer Caroline"? 

A. It was a ship fitted out with supplies for the 
Canadians, who were rebelling against England in 
1837. It was seized by the British, set on fire and 
allowed to drift over Niagara Falls. 

87 



518. Where is the chief treasury of the United States 
located ? 

A. In the Treasury Building at Washington. 

519. Who was the founder of Mormonisin? 
A. Joseph Smith, a native of Vermont. 

520. How was Joseph Smith's life ended? 

A. He was shot by a mob, while in jail at Carthage, Mo., 
in 1844. 

521. After Smith's death who became leader of the 
Mormons? 

A. Brigham Young. 

522. How many immigrants came to the United States 
between 1840 and 1850? 

A. Nearly two millions. 

523. How long was William Henry Harrison president of 
the United States? 

A. One month. 

524. Why was Tyler put on the ticket with Harrison in 
1840? 

A. To attract southern votes, for Tyler was in most 
respects a Democrat. 

525. What was the Webster- Ashburton Treaty? 

A. The treaty that settled the northeast boundary be- 
tween the United States and Great Britain in 1842. 

526. What of Tyler and his cabinet? 

A. His cabinet all resigned except Webster. 

527. Why did Webster not resign? 

A. He was engaged in negotiating a treaty with Great 
Britain. 

528. When and where was Dorr's Rebellion? 
A. In 1842. Rhode Island. 

529. When and by whom was the telegraph invented? 
A. By Prof. S. F. B. Morse in 1844. 

530. What was the first public message? 
A. The news of Polk's nomination. 

531. When and where were the Anti-rent riots? 
A. 1845. In New York. 



532. When was Texas annexed to the United States/ 
A. On the first of March, 1845. 

533. What discovery was made by Dr. William T. G. 
Morton in 1846? 

A. That the breathing of ether will produce artificial 
sleep. 

534. What important bill did Tyler veto? 

A. A bill for the recnartering of the United States Bank. 

535. Who was Davy Crockett? 

A. A noted hunter and politician of Tennessee who died 
in the Alamo, Texas. 

536. How was the northwest boundary of the United States 
settled? 

A. By treaty in 1846. 

537. Give date and real cause of the Mexican War. 
A. 1846-48. The annexation of Texas. 

538. What was the Wilinot Proviso? 

A. Congressman Wilmot. a Pennsylvania Democrat, 
presented a bill to Congress in 1846, which prohibited 
slavery in any part of the territory acquired from 
Mexico. It, however, failed to become a law. 

539. When was war declared against Mexico by the United 
States? 

A. May 13, 1846. 

540. Who commanded the American forces in the Mexican. 
War? 

A. General Zachary Taylor, and later General Winfield 
Scott. 

541. How many battles in the Mexican war did the Mex- 
icans gain ? 

A. None. 

542. Name the treaty that closed the Mexican war. 

A. Guadalupe Hidalgo, in which the United States 
gained over 545,000 square miles of territory, which 
included Upper California, Utah, New Mexico, 
Nevada, and a part of Arizona, Colorado and Wyom- 
ing. The Rio Grande was made the western boundary 

89 



of Texas, and the Gila the northern boundary oi 
Mexico. This territory cost the United States about 
$18,000,000. 

543. When did Elias Howe receive his patent for the 
sewing machine? 

A. In 1846. 

544. What was known as the Bear State Republic? 

A. California in 1846, when its American settlers revolted 
from Mexico and raised a flag on which an image of 
a grizzly bear was stained in berry juice. These 
settlers declared California to be an independent 
republic. 

545. What was known as "The Great American Desert"? 
A. A large part of what is now Nebraska, Kansas, Col- 
orado, Wyoming, Oklahoma, and Texas was so known. 
Many believed it to resemble the Desert of Sahara. 

546. What of the discovery of gold in California.'' 

A. A workman in digging a mill-race for a saw-mill for 
Captain Sutter, on a fork of the American river, found 
(February, 1848) shining particles which proved to be 
gold. This discovery was made about one hundred 
miles northeast of San Francisco. 

547. What were the principles of the Free Soilers? 

A. They held that Congress should prohibit the intro- 
duction of slavery into the territories. 

548. When was the Department of the Interior created? 
A. March 3, 1849. 

549. What was meant by "Fifty-four, forty or fight"? 

A. It was one of the popular cries of the Democrats in 
1844, when they elected Polk. The Americans held 
that 54° 40' north latitude was the rightful boundary 
between this country and British America, and that 
they were ready to fight to maintain their position. 

550. What two noted men died in 1850? 
A. John C. Calhoun and Zachary Taylor. 

551. What was the Fugitive Slave Law? 

A. A law providing for the return to their owners of 
slaves who had escaped to a free State. 

90 



552. What was the "Underground Railroad" ? 

A. A method by which the escaped slaves were aided in 
getting to Canada. 

553. What were the Personal Liberty Laws? 

A. They were bills passed by several states intending to 
prevent the execution of the Fugitive Slave Law. 
534. What two noted men died in 1852? 
A. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. 

555. What was the Omnibus Bill? 

A. Its leading provisions were: 1st. The admission of 
California as a free state; 2d. That the people in the 
remainder of the territory obtained from Mexico, de- 
termine for themselves whether they will come into 
the Union as slave or as free States; 3d. For the 
enactment of a fugitive slave law. to enable masters to 
recover their slaves escaping to a free state. 

556. When was this bill passed and why so called? 

A. In September. 1850. Because it contained so many 
different provisions. 

557. What was the doctrine of "squatter sovereignty" ? 
A. It gave the inhabitants of a territory the right to de- 
cide for themselves whether the State should be ad- 
mitted as free or as slave territory. 

558. Who were the Filibusters? 

A. The "Filibusters" were a lawless set who. after the 
Mexican War. organized expeditions in the United 
States against Cuba and Central America. They 
attempted to seize Cuba by force. Their leader, 
Lopez, was executed. 

559. Who wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin"? 
A. Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stovve. 

560. What was the Maine Law? 

A. A law passed in 1851 by the state of Maine prohibiting 
the selling of liquor. This was the first prohibitory 
law of its kind. 

561. What was the proposed "Tripartite Treaty" ? 

A In 1852 France and England, fearing that the United 
States might annex Cuba to her domain, asked her 

91 



to unite with them in a "tripartite treaty," bj' which 
each power should disclaim all intention of seizing 
upon Cuba, and guarantee its possession to Spain. 
The proposal was rejected by the United States, and 
the Monroe doctrine set forth in its strongest terms. 

562. What reduction of postage was made in 1851? 
A. Letter postage was reduced to three cents. 

563. What was the "Crystal Palace" ? 

A. It was a building of glass and iron erected for the 
exhibition of the products and industries of all 
nations, held in New York City in 1853. 

564. What was the Gadsden Purchase? 

A. In 1853 the boundary between the United States and 
Mexico was established by our purchase (through 
James Gadsden) of the disputed territory for 
$10,000,000. 

565. What was the cause that led to this dispute? 

A. The inaccuracy of the map used in the treaty 
between the United States and Mexico in 1848. 

566. When was the "Union Pacific Railroad" surveyed 
and when completed? 

A. First surveyed in 1853, and finally completed in 1869. 

567. What was the nature of Perry's Treaty with Japan? 
A. In 1845 Commodore Perry succeeded in making a 

treaty with Japan which admitted our ships to that 
country's trade; the United States gave the Emperor 
a locomotive and a train of cars, and a line of tele- 
graph as presents. 

568. What was the " Ostend Manifesto"? 

A. This was a manifesto published by the United States 
ministers to England, France and Spain, all of 
whom met at Ostend, Belgium, in 1854. It declared 
that as long as Spain held Cuba the United States 
would be in danger. It declared also that it would 
be an advantage to both Spain and the United States 
if Cuba were transferred at a reasonable price to the 
United States. England and France joined Spain in 
opposing the plan and the matter was dropped. 

92 



569. What was the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill"? 

A. This was a bill introduced in Congress by Stephen 
A. Douglas of Illinois, in 1854, which provided for 
the organization of two territories to be known as 
Kansas and Nebraska, and which gave the people the 
right to decide for themselves whether or not thej* 
should exclude slavery when they should ask to be 
admitted into the Union. 

570. What was one uf the leading principles of the "Knew 
Nothings' ' ? 

A. That "Americans ought to rule America." 

571. When was the Republicii party organized? 
A. In 1856. 

572. What caused the panic of 1837? Of 1857? 

A. (a) The "Specie Circular" issued by Jackson. (b) 
Discovery of gold in California in 1848. 

573. What was the " Dred Scott Decision"? 

A. The Supreme Court of the United States decided that 
the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, and 
that slaves might be carried into any territory in the 
Union. 

574. Who owned Dred Scott? 

A. Dr. Emerson, a surgeon in the army. 

575. What was styled the "Bill of Abominations" ? 
A. The Omnibus Bill. 

576. When did the Lincoln-Douglas Debates occur? 
A. In the Fall of 1858. 

577. Give name of inventor and termini of the first tele- 
graph cable. 

A. Cyrus W. Field. It extended from Trinity Bay, 
Newfoundland to Valentia Bay, Ireland. 

578. What states were admitted in Buchanan's ad- 
ministration ? 

A. Minnesota 1858, Oregon 1859 and Kansas 1861. 

579. When was John Brown's Raid and what was done? 

A. In 1859. He with less than twenty followers seized 
the United States armory at Harper's Ferry and freed 

93 



slaves and arrested whites. He was captured by 
Robert E. Lee, and afterwards tried for treason, con- 
victed, and hanged December 1859. 

580. When did South Carolina secede? 
A. December 20. 1860. 

581. What states seceded? 

A. South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, 
Tennessee, Virginia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, 
Georgia and Texas. 

582. Who were president and vice-president of the Southern 
Confederacy? 

A. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, and Alexander H. 
Stephens, of Georgia, elected for a term of six 
years. 

583. What caused the division in the Democrat party in 
1860? 

A. The question of slavery in tlie territories. 

584. What was the "Star of the West" ? 

A. The steamer that President Buchanan ordered to be 
sent to Charleston Harbor in Januarj', 1861, with men 
and supplies. The firing upon this steamer was the 
opening act of the Civil war. 

585. Name some of the leading causes of the Civil war. 

A. (a) Slavery, (b) State Rights, (c) Increase of terri- 
tory, (d) Publication of sectional books, (e) Seces- 
sion of states. 

586. What were the "Stars and Bars"? 

A. In March. 1861. the Confederate States adopted the 
"stars and bars" as their national flag, and ratified 
a permanent constitution. 

587. What was the "Peace Convention"? 

A. By request of Virginia a convention was held at 
Washington February 4, 1861, for the purpose of 
"effecting a compromise and saving the union." 
Twenty-one states were represented, but nothing came 
of the attempt. 

94 



588. Name ten Federal Generals. 

A. Meade, Grant, Sherman, Hooker, Burnside, Sheridan, 
Logan, Hancock, Banks and McClellan. 

589. Name ten Confederate Generals. 

A. Lee, Bragg, Smith, Jackson, Early, Beauregard, Hood, 
Polk, Longstreet and Price. 

390. Name six battles won by the Confederates. 
A. Bull Run, Ball's Bluff, Chancellorsville, Murfreesboro, 
Chickamauga and Fredericksburg. 

591. Name six battles won by the Federalists. 

A. Shiloh, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Antietam, Atlanta, 
and Lookout Mountain. 

592. What were "Quaker-guns"? 

A. They were painted logs used to deceive the enemy as 
to the strength of a fort. From a distance they look 
like guns. 

-593. Who fired the first gun in the Civil War? 
A. Edmund Ruffin. Against Fort Sumter. 

594. What was known as the "Swamp Angel"? 

A. A gun placed in a swamp located about five miles from 
Charleston, into which city it threw shells. 

595. What benefit was offered each soldier of the Civil 
war by the Homestead Act of 1872? 

A. He was allowed to take up public land and have the 
time which he had served during the war deducted 
from the the five years' occupancy required. 

596. What was the "Trent Affair" ? 

A. In the autumn of 1861, Messrs. Mason and Slidell were 
sent as commissioners to France and England to ob- 
tain aid for the Southern cause. They were seized by 
Captain Wilkes of the San Jacinto. The Trent was a 
British mail steamer on which Mason and Slidell 
were captured. 

397. When was Lincoln assassinated? 
A. April 14, 1865. 

95 



V 



598. When did Richmond surrender? 
A. April 3, 1865. 

599. When and where was Jefferson Davis captured? 

A. May 10, 1865, near Irwinsville, Ga. He died at New- 
Orleans in 1889. 

600. When did Lincoln die? 

A. April 15, 1865, at twenty-two minutes past seven A. M. 

601. When and by whom was the Amnesty Proclamation 
issued? 

A. May 29, 1865, by President Johnson. 

602. From whom and when did we purchase Alaska? 
A. From Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000. 

603. When was the Bureau of Education established? 
A. 1867. 

604. What was the Tenure of Office Act? 

A. An act making it illegal for the president to remove 
any civil officer without the consent of the Senate. 

605. How was this infringed? 

A. By the president's dismissal of Edwin M. Stanton, 
Secretary of War. 

606. To what did this lead? 

A. To the impeachment of President Johnson. 

607. What were the Freedman's Bureau and Civil Rights 
Bills? 

A. The first provided protection for the lately eman- 
cipated slaves, and the second guaranteed their civil 
rights. 

608. Who was the founder of the Peabody Fund? 

A. George Peabody, for many years a banker in London, 
but a native of Massachusetts. 

609. Who was Maximilian? 

A. An Austrian placed upon the throne of Mexico by 
the Emperor of France who wished to establish an 
Empire in that country. He was betrayed and shot. 
Mexico continued to be a Republic. 

610. When was the Burlingam.e Treaty made? 
A. In 1868. 



96 



611. What was the "Ku Klux Klan" ? 

A. It was a secret organization, formed mainly to pre- 
vent the negro from voting or getting office in the 
South. 

612. When and for what purpose was the Weather Bureau 
established? 

A. 1870. To give notice in advance of approaching 
storms, the rise of rivers and all aerial clianges. 

613. Who were the Fenians? 

A, An organization composed of Irish residents of the 
United States, and known as the "Fenian Brother- 
hood." Their object was to free Ireland from British 
rule. They intended to invade Canada but were 
checked by the United States Government 

614. What was the Homestead Act of 1862? 

A. By it a farm of eighty or 160 acres was to be given 
to any head of a family or any person twenty-one 
years old, who was a citizen of the United States or 
declared an intention to become a citizen, provided 
he or she lived on the farm and cultivated it for five 
years. 

615. When was the Bureau of Agriculture organized? 
A. In 1862. 

616. What was the "Joint High Commission"? 

A. This commission consisted of five American and five 
English statesmen who met at Washington and de- 
cided that all claims of either nation against the other 
should be settled by arbitration. 

617. How were the Alabama Claims settled? 

A. By five arbitrators known as the Geneva Board of 
Arbitration who met at Geneva and awarded the 
United States, $15,500,000 to be distributed among our 
citizens whose ships and property had been destroyed 
by the cruiser. 

618. What was the number of the "Alabama" ? 
A. Number 290. 

619. When and where was the Modoc War? 
A. 1872. In California. 



97 



620. Who was "Sitting Bull" ? 

A. The leader of the Sioux Indians who massacred Gen- 
eral Custer and his entire force in 1876. 

621. What was the "Credit Mobilier" ? 

A. It was a joint stock company organized for the construc- 
tion of the T''nion Pacific railroad. It was claimed that 
members of Congress were stockholders and used their 
influence in its favor. Two Representatives were 
censured and there the matter was dropped. 

622. When and where was the Centennial Exposition held? 
A. In 1876 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

623. What was the Force Act? 

A. It prescribed fine and imprisonment for any man 
hindering any negro from voting, or his vote, when 
cast, from being counted. 

624. When was the thirteenth amendment proposed? 
A. In February, 1865. 

625. When was silver demonetized? 

A. In 1873. Gold WdS then the sole standard of our 
country. 

626. What was the ' ' Inflation Bill" ? 

A. A bill enacted by Congress in 1873, which declared 
that there should be $400,000,000 in greenbacks, no 
more and no less. 

627. What was the Confederate capital? 
A. Richmond, Virginia. 

628. When and by whom was the telephone invented? 
A. In 1877 by Graham Bell and Elisha Gray. 

629. Who invented the phonograph? 
A. Thomas A. Edison in 1877. 

630. What was the "Electoral Commission"? 

A. It consisted of five members chosen from the Supreme 
Court, five from the House of Representatives and 
five from the Senate, who decided Hayes's election. 

631. When was Colorado admitted into the Union? 
A. In 1876. 



98 



632. What was the "Salary Grab" ? 

A. The act that raised the salaries of the president, the 
judges of the fedeial courts, and the members of 
congress. 

633. What was Hayes's Southern Policy? 

A. In 1877 he withdrew the United States troops from the 
South, which practically left the affairs in the hands 
of the DemocriJts. 

634. When was silver remonetized? 

A. In 1878. Silver was then made a legal tender. 

635. What was the population of the United States in 1890? 
In 1900? 

A. Over 62,000,000. 76,061,128. 

636. What of the yellow fever epidemic in 1778 in the 
South? 

A. 20,000 cases and 7,000 deaths were reported. 

637. What was the " Halifax Award" or " Fishery Award" ? 
A. The United States awarded Great Britain $5,500,000 

for fishing alon^ the costs of Canada and Newfound- 
land. 

638. What treaties were made with China in 1880? 

A. One in relation to commerce, and the other granting 
to our government the regulation of the Chinese 
immigration. 

639. When and by whom was the muuth of the Mississippi 
river dredged ? 

A. By Captain Eads. 1875-81. 

640. When did the "Bland-Allison Bill" become a law? 
A. In 1878. It was an amended form of the Bland Silver 

Bill." 

641. What were the "Silver Certificates"? 

A. They were paper certificates issued against coins that 
might be deposited in the Treasury. 

642. When was the Life Saving Service established? 
A. In 1879. 

643. What was the Negro Exodus? 

A. Flight of the Negroes to the North in 1879, 

99 



644. Give date and effects of Resumption of Specie Pavment. 
A. January 1, 1879; coin came into circulation, and in 

the following December gold sold at par. 

645. When did Grant make his tour around the world? 
A. In 1879 

646. Why were the "Greenbacks" so called? 

A. Because the backs of the bills were printed largely in 
green ink. 

647. What was the "Bland Silver Bill" ? 

A. It ordered the coinage of large sums in silver dollars 
of 412)4 grains weight, and provided that they might 
be used in payment of debts by the government. 

648. How high did gold rise in 1864? 

A. One dollar in gold was worth nearly three ($2.97) in 
'■ greenbacks. ' ' 

649. What were the Star Route frauds? 

A. Great frauds in connection with the letting of mail 
contracts were discovered in 1881. Contracts were 
made for routes that did not exist. 

650. When and by whom was Garfield shot? 

A. July 2, 1881, by Charles J. Guiteau. Garfield died 
September 19, 1881. 

651. Who are in the civil service? 

A. All persons in the employ of the government outside 
of the army and navy. 

652. When was the Civil Service Act passed? 

A 1883. It requires an examination of all persons ap- 
plying for lower grade of offices. 

653. When and where was the Cotton Centennial Exhibi- 
tion held? 

A. In 1884 at New Orleans. 

654. What was the Edmunds' Law? 

A. A law intended to suppress polygamy in Utah and 
other territories. 

655. When did the Mississippi river overflow 

A. Tn 1882. Over a hundred thousand persons were made 
homeless, and a great amount of property destroyed. 

100 



656. What is the main object of the "Ret! Cross Society"? 
A. To aid the suffering in time of pestilence, famine or 

other calamities. 

657. What is known as the year of strikes? 
A. 1886. 

658. When was Guiteau hanged? 
A. June 30, 1882. 

659. What is the Interstate Commerce Act? 

A. It rej^ulates the charges made by all railroads which 
pass through more than one state. Passed 1887. 

660. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act' 

A. It forbade any Chinese laborer to land on our shores. 
Passed 1888. 

661. What was the Alien Contract- Labor law? 

A. It forbade the bringing of any aliens into the United 
States under contract to perform labor or service. 

662. What states were admitted in 1889? 

A. North Dakota, South Dakota. Montana, and 
Washington. 

663. When was the Charleston earthquake? 
A. In 1886. 

664. What was the Electoral Count Act? 

A. It was a law containing rules for counting the elec- 
toral votes, to prevent uncertainty and dispute. 

665. What two states were admitted in 1890? 
A. Idaho and Wyoming. 

666. When was the Department of Agriculture established? 
A. February 11. 1889. 

667. When was the Oklahoma Territory opened? 
A. At twelve o'clock, noon, of April 22, 1889? 

668. What disaster took place on June 1. 1889? 

A. The Johnstown flood, in which about 5,000 persons 
lost their lives, and nearly $10,000,000 of property was 
destroyed. 

669. Name new warships built in 1886-1888. 

A. Brooklyn, Boston. Chicago, Atlanta and Yorktown. 

101 



670. What was the Pan-American Congress? 

A. A congress composed of representatives from the 
three Americas, together with Mexico, who met at 
Washington in 1889, for the purpose of bringing 
about a closer union of the Americas in trade and 
mutual benefit. 

671. What was the Sherman Silver Purchase? 

A. A bill directing the Treasurer of the United States 
to buy (if offered) 4,500,000 ounces of silver each 
month. 

672. When was the Centennial Census of the United 
States taken. 

A. In 1890. Over 62,000.000 inhabitants. 

673. What was the McKinley Tariff Bill? 

A. A bill whose main object was to protect American 
products, such as wool and American manufactures, 
against foreign competition. 

674. When and where did the Homestead strike occur? 

A. At Homestead near Pittsburg. Pa., in 1892. The 
workmen in the Carnegie Steel Works struck for 
higher wages. 

675. W^hen was the Sherman Silver Act repealed? 

A. In the special meeting of Congress in 1893. The 
purchase clause in this act was repealed. 

676. When were the World's Fair buildings dedicated? 
A. In October. 1892. at Chicago. 

677. When was this great Fair opened? 

A. In the spring of 1893. It lasted six months and was 
visited by nearly 27,000,000 people. 

678. What was the " Ku Klux" or "Force" Act, when 
passed and when repealed ? 

A. It permitted the general government to order troops 
to be present at elections. Passed in 1870, amended 
in 1871 and repealed in 1894. 

679. Who was the leader of the "Industrial Army'" which 
marched upon Washington? 

A. Coxey, a horse dealer in Ohio. 

102 



680. What was the Wilson Bill? 

A. A bill which reduced protective duties about one- 
fourth, and admitted wool, salt and lumber tree. It 
became a law at midnight, August 27. 1894. without 
the president's signature. 

681. What was our Gold Reserve in 1893? 

A. It had fallen from $114,000,000 in 1879 to $97,000,000 
in 1893. 

682. What followed this? 

A. Business depression and "tight money." Over three 
hundred banks suspended or failed. 

683. What was the Behring Sea Commission? 

A. A commission consisting of seven men chosen by the 
United States, British Empire. France, Italy and 
Norway and Sweden, who decided that the seal fish- 
eries should be properly protected at certain seasons. 

684. When was Utah admitted? 

A. In 1896, making the total number of states forty-five. 

685. What was the Venezuelan boundary question? 

A. It was a controversy between Great Britain and Ven- 
ezuela respecting the boundary line of British 
Guiana. It was settled by the Arbitration Treaty of 
1896, signed at Washington November 12, 1896. 

686. When did the Pullman Strike occur. 

A. In the summer of 1894. The employes of the Pull- 
man Car Company, at Pullman, near Chicago, struck 
against a reduction of wages. 

687. How often did Cuba rebel against the misrule of 
Spain ? 

A. Six times in the last fifty years. 

688. What was the immediate cause of the war with 
Spain ? 

A. The destruction of the Maine. 

689. When did the United States declare war? 
A. April 25, 1898. 

690. When was the protocol signed? 
A. August 12, 1898, at Washington. 

103 



691. What was this protocol? 

A. It contained the preliminaries of peace, and was 
sij^ned by representatives of the two nations. 

692. When was the "Maine" destroyed? 

A. On the night of February 15, 1898. Two officers and 
264 of her crew were killed. 

693. What was the Court of Inquiry? 

A. This court was appointed by the United States to in- 
vestigate the cause of the destruction of the " Maine." 

694. When was Hawaii annexed to the United States? 
A July 7. 1898. 

695. For what did President McKinley declare in his in- 
augural address in 1897? 

A. For "sound money," for a new revenue-protective 
tariff, for strict economy iu the management of the 
government, etc. 

696. When was the Dingley Tariff Bill passed, and why 
so called ? 

A. In 1897. Because the original bill was drawn by 
Nelson Dingley, a representative from Maine. 

697. What revolt in 1896? 

A. The natives of the Philippines, animated by the ex- 
ample of Cuba, rose in revolt. 

698. What were the terms of the treaty of the war with 
Spain? 

A. (1) Spain gave up all sovereignty over Cuba. (2) 
Spain ceded to the United States the island of Porto 
Rico, and the island of Guam. (3) Spain ceded the 
Philippines to the United States, receiving in return 
$20,000,000 for the public works which the Spanish 
Government had there erected. Signed December 10. 
1898. 

699. What was the total direct cost of the War with Spain? 
A. About $130,000,000. 

700. The close of this war left the United States with what 
question to decide? 

A. "Expansion" or " Non-expansion. " 

104 



Civil Government. 

701. Define civil government. 

A. Civil government is control by law, exercised by a 
state over its citizens. 

702. What are laws? 

A. Laws are expressions of tlie will, which become rules 
of action for those governed. 

703. What is the introductory portion of the Constitution 
called? 

A. The preamble. 

704. What is the object of the preamble? 

A. To state the purposes of the Constitution. 

705. What departments of government arc established 
under the Constitution. 

A. The Executive, the Judicial and the Legislative. 

706. What is the Executive department? 
A. The power that enforces the laws. 

707. What is the Judicial department? 

A. The power that interprets or explains the laws. 

708. What is the Legislative department? 
A. The power that enacts the laws. 

709. What are the necessary qualifications of a president? 
A. He must be a natural born citizen, at least thirty-five 

years of age and a resident of the United States for 
fourteen years. 

710. Of what does Congress consist? 

A. Of a Senate and a House of Representatives. 

711. When and where does Congress meet? 

A. In Washington on the first Monday in December of 
each year. 

712. What will be the number of the Congress that will 
meet in December 1903. 

A. 58th. 

713. When does the House of Representatives elect the 
President? 

A. When no person receives a majority of all the elec- 
toral votes. 



105 



714. When are the electors elected ? 

A. On the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 

715. When and where do the electors cast their votes for 
President and Vice President? 

A. On the second Monday in January following the 
election the electors of each State meet at the State 
capital and cast their votes for the candidates. 

716. When are the votes of all the States counted? 

A. On the second Wednesday of the following February 
the Senate and House ct Representatives meet in 
joint session, whereupon the president of the Senate 
opens the certificates of votes from all the States, and 
the votes are then counted. 

717. What is the electoral college? 

A. The electors of all the states taken collectively are so 
called. 

718. What is the popular vote? Electoral vote? 

A. (a) The vote of the people for electors. (b) The 
vote of the electors for President. 

719. For how long and by whom are United States Sen- 
ators elected ? 

A. For a term of si-K years by the Legislatures of the States. 

720. For how long and by whom are Representatives ia 
Congress elected ? 

A. For a term of two years by the people. 

721. How many United States Senators are there? 
A. Ninety. Two for each state. 

722. What is the salary of (a) President? (b) Vice 
President? (c) United States benator? (d) Repre- 
sentative in Congress? (e) Chief Justice? (f) 
Associate Justice? (g) Speaker of the House? (h) 
Cabinet Officers? 

A. (a) $50,000. (b) $8,000. (c) $5,000. (d) $5,000. (e) 
$10,500. (f) $10,000. (g) $8,000. (h) $8,000. 

723. By whom and for what length of term are the 
Supreme Court Justices appointed? 

A. By the President for life or during good behavior. 

106 



724. Who is the presiding officer of the United States Senate r 
A. The Vice President of the United States. 

725. Who is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of 
the United States? 

A. Vhe President. 

726. How may a bill become a law without the President's 

signature? 
A. By passing both Houses by a two thirds majority 
after the President has vetoed it. 

727. In what ways may a bill become a law? 

A. (1) With the President's signature. (2) Over his 
veto. (3) By non-return in ten days. 

728. When does each Congress end? 

A. At noon of the 4th of March next succeeding the be 
ginning of its second regular session. 

729. How many and what sessions in each Congress? 
A. Two. The long and the short session. 

730. What is an ex-post-facto law? 

A. It is a law that makes an act criminal which was not 
so at the time it was committed. This could be done 
only by antedating the law. 

731. What is a bill of attainder? 

A. Is an act of a legislative body inflicting the penalty 
of death without a regular trial. 

732. Name five powers of Congress. 

A. (1) To borrow money. (2) To regulate commerce. 
(3) To coin money. (4) To establish postoffices and 
post roads. (5) To declare ivar, and to raise and 
support armies. 

733. In case both President and Vice President should 
die, who would become President? 

A. Secretary of State, then Secretary of Treasury, War, etc. 

734. Repeat the President's oath of office. 

A. "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of President of the United States, 
and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect 
and defend the Constitution of the United States." 



107 



735. How are the Speaker and other officers of the House 
chosen ? 

A. By the House itself. 

736. What is the purpose of the President's message? 

A. To inform Congress of the needs of the Union, and to 
recommend plans or measures for their consideration. 

737. When were the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14tn, and 15th amend- 
ments made to the Constitution? 

A. 11th, 1798; 12th, 1804; 13th, 1865; 14th, 1868; 15th, 
1869. 

738. What sole power is invested in the House of Repre- 
sentatives? 

A. The power of impeachment. 

739. What sole power does the Senate possess? 
A. To try impeachments. 

740. What must our Congress grant or guarantee to every 
Statp? 

A. A form of government which is republican. 

741. What is a treaty? 

A. A treaty is an agreement between two or more nations 
upon any subject. 

742. What is an alliance. 

A. An alliance is a union of nations for some common 
object. 

743. How many amendments to the Constitution have been 
proposed, and how many ratified? 

A. Nineteen proposed, fifteen ratified. 

744. As a result of the Civil war what amendments were 
made to the Constitution? 

A. 13th, 14th and 15th. They are binding alike on the 
States and the Nation. 

745. What is the term of office and salaries of the Gov- 
ernor and Lieutenant Governor of your state? 

A. . . 

746. Of what is the Supreme Court of United States com- 
posed ? 

A. One Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. 

108 



747. How many Congressional Districts are tiiere? 

A. As many in each state as the state has Representatives. 
These districts are determined by State Legislatures. 

748. What is meant by a " Congressman-at- large" ? 

A. Sometimes, after a state has been assigned an 
additional member, the Legislature fails to re-dis- 
trict it at once. Then the Representative is voted 
for on a general State ticket and is called a"Con- 
gressman-at-la; ge. 

749. How may an alien become naturalized? 

A. He must make oath or afiirmation, before a court, 
that he intends to become a citizen of the United 
States and renounce forever all allegiance to any 
other government. This must be made at least two 
years before the final steps are taken. lie must then 
wait till the end of the required five years after be- 
coming a resident to receive his naturalization papers. 

750. Who are the United States Senators from your state 
and when do their terms of office expire? 

A. . . 

General Questions 

751. What Presidents were inaugurated on the 5th of March. 
A. Washingtun in 1793. Monroe, in 1821, Taylor in 

1849, and Hayes in 1877. 

752. By what name was Alaska formerly known? 
A. Russian America. 

753. What Presidents died in office? 

A. Hairison, Taylor, Lincoln, Garheld, McKinley. 

754. What two Presidents were elected without any special 
opposition? 

A. George Washington and James Monroe. 

755. What was the "Ordinance of 1787" ? 

A. It was an act passed by the Continental Congress of 
1787, whose provisions were made articles of a solemn 
compact between the inhabitants of the Northwest Ter- 
ritory and the people of the original States. It granted 
freedom of worship, schools, and personal liberty. 

109 



756. What is rebellion? 

A. Open opposition to lawful authority. 

757. Who reads the President's annual message to Congress? 
A. The clerk of the House or the Senate, as the case may be. 

758. Who was Coligny? 

A. He was a noted leader of the French who undertook 
to establish a home of religious freedom in the 
American forests in 1562. 

759. What did Cortereal explore? 

A. He followed the Cabots in 1500, and explored the 
American coast. 

760. What Presidents served two terms? 

A. Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, 
Grant and Cleveland. 

761. When did the first presidential election occur? 
A. January 7, 1789. 

762. When did the first army vote occur? 
A. In the election of 1864. 

763. When was Cuba discovered to be an island? 
A. In 1508. 

764. What were some of the hindrances to the discovery of 
America? 

A. (a) Superstitions, (b) Defects in geographical knowl- 
edge, (c) The character of vessels. 

765. Who explored Albemarle Sound in 1584? 
A. Amidas and Barlow. 

766. Who were the "Seven Pillars" ? 

A. The seven men who formed the first church in the 
New Haven Colony. 

767. What were the "New Hampshire Grants" ? 

A. What is now Vermont was once the property of New 
Hampshire, and was settled by people from New 
England under town rights granted by the governor 
of New Hampshire. In 1764 the King confirmed the 
claim of New York to the territory west of the Con- 
necticut river; then the Governor of New York 
ordered the settlers to purchase their lands. 

110 



768. What was tlie "Beech Seal" ? 

A. Ethan Allen and Seth Warner headed a party de- 
termined to resist the demands made by the Governor 
of New York in regard to the purchase of the "New 
Hampshire Grants" and armed themselves with "blue 
beech" rods. When the sheriff's officers came to 
eject the settlers they gave them a very warm recep- 
tion. This they styled applying the "beech seal." 

769. Who was the first man to carry the American flag 
around the world ? 

A. Captain Gray who sailed in the "Columbia." 

770. What was meant by " Free Trade" ? " Sailor's Rights" ? 
A. By "Free Trade" was meant freedom to send our 

merchant ships to what ports we pleased. By "Sailor's 
Rights" was meant the protection of American seamen 
against seizure by the British. 

771. What was the doctrine of "States Rights" ? 

A. That every state had the right to refuse to obey a law 
which it believed to be contrary to the Constitution. 

772. Who commanded the first New England army? 
A. Miles Standish. It consisted of nine men. 

773. How many universities in your state? 

774. How is Alaska governed? 

A. The laws of Oregon are the laws of Alaska, when 
they do not conflict with those of the United States. 

775. How may amendments to the Constitution be proposed ? 
A. By two-thirds vote of both Houses, or by the action 

of the legislatures of two-thirds of all the States, rati- 
fied in either case by three-fourths of all the States. 

776. Who was the commander of the Andersonville prison? 
A. General Wirz. 

777. How teach history? 

A. Assign the lesson by topics, not by pages; 

Pay great attention to biography, in all the ages; 
Require time, place, cause, and result learned well. 
Thereby, the pupil, the leading facts in history can 
intelligently tell. 

Ill 



Brief History of Political Parties 

and Names of Political 

Leaders. 



Whig and Tory Parties. 

The political questions at issue between the British 
ministry and the colonists gave rise to the Whig and Tory 
parties in this country. These were the names of two 
political parties in England, but of different significance. 
Tlie Wiiigs were in favor of absolute separation from Great 
Britain, while the Tories adhered to the Crown. It should 
be remembered that a majority of the colonists were Whigs. 
The Tory party ceased to exist in 1783. As a result of the 
Constitutional Convention we had the organization of two 
political parties, the Federal and the Anti-Federal. 
"Strong Government Whigs" and 
"Particularists." 

As questions of government were evolved by the strug- 
gle for independence, the Whigs became divided. The 
members of the one division were called the "Particu- 
larists" and the other "Strong Government Whigs." 
They, however, were wise enough not to act as rival parties 
during the Revolution. The "Particularists" believed that 
state government should be supreme, while the "Strong 
Government Whigs" desired a government republican in 
form, but were opposed to local self-government. On the 
submission of the Constitution of 1787: this division became 
the Federal Party. 

Federal Party. 

1787-1816. 

Leaders: Washington, Hamilton, Jay, John Adams, 
Pinckney, Marshall, King and others. 

The Federalists were friends of the Constitution, and 
advocated a centralized government. They were Broad 

112 



Constructionists. This party was in the minority till the 
beginning of Washington's Administration, and ceased to 
exist in 1816. 

Anti-Federal Party 

KNOWN LATER AS THE 

Republican-Democrat Party. 

1787-1828 

Leaders: Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, John Han- 
cock, Cieorge Clinton, Aaron Burr, James Monroe, Samuel 
Adams and others. 

The Anti-Federalists were Close Constructionists and 
advocated the doctrine of state sovereignty. This party 
was in power till the beginning of Washington's Adminis- 
tration, and was known as the Republican Party till about 
1828. 

Democrat Party. 

In 1828 that division of the Republican Party (known 
earlier as the Republican-Democrat Party) that supported 
Jackson, adopted the title of "Democrat." This marks 
the beginning of the modern Democrat Party, though its 
adherents were generally called Jackson men till about 1836. 
From 1816 to 1828, twelve years, there was one great party, 
the Republican, or, as it soon began to be called, the Dem- 
ocrat. 

This party claim their organization to be a continuation 
of the real party of Jefferson. They held their first national 
nominating convention in 1832, at Baltimore, Md., where 
they nominated Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. 

Anti-Masonic Party. 

1827-1836. 
The principal object of this party was the exclusion from 
office of all supporters of Masonry. William Wirt and 
Amos Ellmaker were its candidates in 1832, and it was 
successful in the control of the New York state elections 
for several years. It was the first party to hold a national 
nominating convention. Held at Baltimore, Md., Sep- 
tember, 1831. 



113 



National Republican Party. 

1825--1832. 

The section of the Republican Party that voted for 
Adams were called the National Republican Party till 1832 
when they were called Whigs. 

Leaders: Daniel Webster, Henry Cla}', John Quincj' 
Adams and others. 

Whig Party. 

1832-1856. 

This party was composed of the National Republicans, 
many Anti-Masons and Democrats. 

Leaders: John Quincy Adams. Henry Clay, Daniel 
Webster. Horace Greeley, Charles Sumner and others. 

In 1856, many Whigs aided in the organization of the 
present Republican Party. The pro-slavery members of the 
Whig party joined the Democrats, the opponents of slavery 
joined the Republicans, and the remainder indorsed the 
American ticket. Thus ended the existence of the Whig 
party. It is claimed that the Omnibus Bill really killed 
this party. 

Republican Party. 

(Organized 1856. ) 

The first movement toward the organization of this party 
was made in the state of Wisconsin in 1854. A meeting 
was held in which a resolution was adopted, that should the 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill pass, they would " throw old party 
organizations to the winds, and organize a new party on the 
sole issue of the non-extension of slavery." In a second 
meeting the thought was expressed that the probable name 
of the new party would be "Republican." This thought 
was expressed by Mr. A. E. Bovey, who had called the first 
meeting. In July of this year a mass convention was held 
in Michigan, the result of which was the adoption of a plat- 
form opposing the extension of slavery and naming the new 
party " Republican " This was followed by the organ- 
ization of the party in other states the same year. Itin- 

114 



creased rapidly in numbers, and finally nearly all those who 
opposed the extension of slavery favored this party. 

Thus, by the fusion of Whigs, Free-Soilers, Anti-Ne- 
oraska Democrats and Anti- Slavery Americans, we have the 
organization of the present Republican Party. This or- 
ganization was effected in a convention held in Pittsburg, 
Pa., Feb. 22, 1856, and its first national nominating con- 
vention was held in Philadelphia June 17, 1856, when John 
C. Fremont and William L. Dayton were nominated. 

"Equal Rights" Party. 

(Organized 1835.) 

This party was organized in the city and county of Nev,' 
York, by a portion of the Democrat Party They met in 
Tammany Hall with the regular Demouratp and named a 
chairman in opposition to the one proposed by the Demo- 
crat Party. Neither party being able to elect a chairman 
caused great excitement in which the lights were extin- 
guished. The room was immediately relighted by the 
Equal Rights men with locofoco matches. From this they 
were named Locofocos 

Liberty or Abolition Party. 

1839-1848. 

This party was composed of a number of Democrats and 
Whigs. They favored the abolition of slavery. 

Leaders: James G. Birney, Thomas Morris and Francis 
Lemoyne. 

This party practically merged into the Free Soil party in 
1848. 

Free Soil Party. 

1848-1852. 

Leaders: Salmon P. Chase, Charles Francis Adams, John 
A. Dix, William H. Seward, Horace Mann and others. 

One of the objects of this party was to sever the connec- 
tion between the government and slavery. Many Free 
Soilers joined the Republican Party in 1856. 

115 



American or Know-Nothing Party. 

(Organized 1852.) 

This party operated secretly and with much success. It 
opposed the efforts to reject the Bible from the public 
schools. In 1860 it was known as the Constitutional Union 
Party. When questioned concerning their order, its mem- 
bers would answer that they knew nothing. Thus the 
origination of the name Know-Nothing Party. The Con- 
stitutional Union Party was also known as the " Bell and 
Everett party. " Other important principles of the Know- 
Nothing Party were that the period of naturalization 
should be increased to twenty-one years, and that "Amer- 
icans t^hall rule America." 

National Prohibition Reform Party. 

(Organized 1869. ) 

This party was founded in 1869, but its first national 
mminating convention was not held till the year 1872, in 
Columbus, Ohio. They nominated James Black and John 
Russell as their first candidates. This party demanded that 
the importation, e.xportation, manufacture and sale of all 
alcoholic beverages be prohibited. In their platform of 
1900, they asserted that the most dangerous of all the trusts or 
monopolies is the liquor power. They also stated that there 
are but two real parties today concerning the liquor traffic; 
perpetuationists and prohibitionists. It is known as the 
Prohibition Party, and has been so known since 1872. 

Labor Reform Party. 

During Grant's Administration there were combinations 
of workingmen, called "Trades' Unions," all over the 
country, out of which grew the Labor Reform Party 

They favored reforms which they claimed would cause a 
greater equality of condition among people, and wished to 
reduce the working day from ten to eight hours. Its first 
candidates, in 1872, were David Davis and Joel Parker. 
Both candidates, however, declined to run. 



116 



Liberal Republicans. 

(1872.) 
This was a faction of tiie Republican party in 1872 who 
withdrew from the main body, and were joined by the 
Democrat Party who endorsed their platform. Their 
candidates were Horace Creeley and B. Gratz Brown. 

Independent National Party or Greenback Party. 

This party named its first candidates, Peter Cooper and S. 
F. Carey, in 1876. It called for the repeal of the Resump- 
tion of Specie Payment Act, and the issue of paper notes 
bearing a low rate of interest. In 1868 the idea was pre- 
valent that the bonds should be taxed and the payment of 
the 5-20's should be made in greenbacks. This idea was so 
prevalent in Ohio that it as called the "Ohio Idea" and its 
supporters were called " Greenbackers. " Many Grangers 
joined this party. 

Equal (or Woman's) Rights Party. 

In a convention held at San Francisco, Cal., September 
20, 1884. Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood and Mrs. Marietta L. 
Stow were nominated by the Woman's Rights Party. 
This party pledged itself, if elected to power, to do 
equal and exact justice to every class of our citizens without 
distinction of color, sex or nationality. 

United Labor Party. 

In convention at Cincinnati, May 15, 1888, this party 
nominated R. H. Cowdrey and W. H. T. Wakefield. They 
denounced the Democrat and Republican Parties as hopelessly 
and shamelessly corrupt. 

The American Party. 

This party met in convention at Washington, D. C, 
Aug. 14, 1888, and nominated J. L. Curtis and J. R. Greer. 
In their platform they declared that the assumed issues, 
"Protection" and "Free Trade," were a fraud and a snare. 

Silver Party. 

This party held a convention at Chicago, July 22, 1896, 
and ncjminated William J. Bryan and Arthur Sevvall. 

117 



The theory of the Free Silverites was that the government 
should accept silver as produced in tiie various parts of the 
country, and coin it into inoney, and make it by legislation 
acceptable to all at the ratio of sixteen to one as compared 
with gold. 

The People's Party. 

(Organized 1891. ) 

The organization of this party was the result of a con- 
ference of Alliance and Labor leaders held in May, 1891. 
The party was then called "The People's Party of the 
United States of America." The members of this party 
are called "Populists." They held their first National 
Convention in 1892. In 1896 they adopted the free-silver 
plank of the Democrat platform. 

People's Party (Middle-of-the-Road.) 

This party was composed of a faction of the People's 
Party who bolted at the convention of 1896, held at St. 
Louis. They held a convention at Cincinnati, Ohio in 
May, 1900, and nominated Wharton Barker and Ignatius 
Donnelly. Milton Park, of Texas, who was the leader of 
tlie bolt, advised the faction to "keep in the middle of the 
road. " 

National Democrats. 

The Democrats who refused to support the free-silver 
platform of 1896, took the name of National Democrats and 
in convention at Indianapolis, September 2, 1896, nominated 
John M. Palmer and Simon B. Buckner. They adopted a 
platform upholding the "gold standard." 

Union Labor Party. 

Union Laborists convened at Cincinnati May 15, 1888, and 
nominated A. J. Streeter and C. E. Cunningham. In their 
platform they favored woman suffrage and denounced the 
Democrat and Republican parties for creating and per- 
petuating monopolies and trusts. 

US 



Socialibt-L-abor Party. 

This party held a convention in New York City, July 6, 
1896. and nominated Charles 11. Matchet of New York and 
Matthew Maguire of New Jersey as their candidates. 

With a view to iuiprovement in the condition of labor, 
they adopted in their platform a long list of "General De- 
mands," among which were: (1) Reduction of the hours of 
labor in proportion to the production; (2) Municipal self- 
government; (3) Direct vote and secret ballot in all elec- 
tions; (4) Abolition of the United States Senate and all 
upper legislative chambers. Its candidates in 1900 were 
J. F. Malloney and Valentine Remmel. 

The platform adopted in 1896 was again adopted in 1900, 
with the exception of the "General Demands." 

Silver Republican Party. 

This faction held a convention in July 1900 in Kansas 
City, Mo., and nominated William J. Bryan for piesident 
by acclamation. The convention was composed of about 
1,200 delegates and visitors. They declared in their plat- 
form their adherence to the principle of bi-metalism. 

The "Farmers' Alliance." 

The "Farmer's Alliance," was a secret association formed 
at Washington in 1867. Its growth was rapid in the West- 
ern States. It was also called "Patrons of Industry," and 
later its members were called "Grangers." Their chief 
object was to obtain lower freight rates for farm produce. 
This order exercised a strong political influence, which 
helped to secure the Interstate Commerce Act of 1877, and 
which was one of the causes favoring the organization of 
the People's Party. 

In 1889 the Farmer's Alliance adopted apian of Confedera- 
tion with the Knights of Labor, and were friendly toward 
the Greenback party and the Single Tax party. The con- 
vention at Ocala, Florida, in December, 1890, was the first 
meeting ' under this confederation of party factions. No 
candidates were chosen but the platform was called the 
'Ocala Platform." 



119 



The "Monocrats." 

The "Monocrats" — the Federalists were so called by 
the Federalists who claimed they were hurrying toward 
monanarchy. 

The "Mobocrats." 

The "Mobocrats" — the Republicans were so called by the 
Federalists who claimed they were hurrying toward anarchy. 

The "Populists." 

The "Populists" — a name applied to the members of the 
People's Party. 

The "Mugwumps," 

The "Mugwumps" — the Independent Republicans of 
1884 who were opposed to the nomination of James G. Blaine 
were so called. 

The "Barnburners." 

The "Barnburners" were a faction of the Democrat 
party in New York who were opposed to the extension of 
slavery in the territories. They were opposed by the 
Hunkers who named them in allusion to the story of the 
farmer who burned his barn to destroy the rats. 

The "Hunkers." 

The "Hunkers" were a faction of the Democrat party 
who were in strong opposition to the Barnburners about 
1844. They were also called "Conservative Democrats." 

The "Carpet-Baggers." 

The "Carpet-Baggers" were Northern men who went 
South soon after the Civil war for the purpose of getting 
oriice and plunder. 

The "Scalawags." 

The "Scalawags" were those Southerners who aided the 
"Carpet-Baggers" in their schemes. 

120 



The "Copperheads." 

The "Copperheads," were the Northern men who sym- 
pathized with secession. They predicted the downfall of 
the American Republic. 

The "Locofocos." 

The " Locofocos" was a name given the Equal Rights 
Party, because some of its members relighted the lights 
that had been extinguished in a convention, in 1835, with 
locofoco matches. 

The "Broad Gangers. " 

"The Broad Gaugers" were a number of Prohibitionists 
who endeavored to secure the insertion of a free silver 
plank in the platform adopted by their National Convention 
of 1896. 

The "Silver Grays." 

"The Silver Grays" were the Whigs who endorsed Fill- 
more in 1856. 

The "Black Republicans." 

The "Sons of the South" denounced the "Free-State 
Men," members of the present Republican Party, as "Black 
Republicans" because the party was opposed to holding the 
black man in bondage. 

The "Border Ruffians." 

The Free-state men in Kansas called the opposing party 
"Border Ruffians" and the "Bolder Ruffians" call the Free- 
state men "Abolitionists" and "Black Republicans." 

The "Jayhawkers." 

The "Jayhawkers," were Free-state men who burned 
farmhouses, broke up settlements and committed murders 
during the Civil war in Kansas. 

The "Gold Democrats." 

The "Gold Democrats," were the democrats who refused 
to support the free silver platform in 1896. They took the 

121 



name National Democratic Party and adopted a platform 
upholding "the gold standard." It is claimed that a great 
many "Gold Democrats" voted for the Republican candidate 
in 1896. 

The "War Democrats." 

The "War Democrats." were the members of the Demo- 
cratic party who like Stephen A. Douglas were opposed to 
the political issues of the Republican party during the Civil 
war, yet they fully sustained the President in his attempts 
to preserve the Union. They were sometimes called the 
Douglas Democrats. 

The "Peace Democrats." 

The "Peace Democrats" were those who accused the ad- 
ministration of violating the Constitution under plea of 
military necessity. This accusation was made in 1864 in 
the convention which favored an immediate cessation of 
hostilities. 

The "Straight-out Democrats " 

The " Straight-out Democrats" were a faction of Dem- 
ocrats, who "bolted" in 1872 and nominated Charles 
O'Conor. He, however, declined to accept the nomination. 

The "Doughfaces." 

The "Doughfaces," — the Northern men who voted for 
the Missouri Compromise were so called by John Randolph 
of Virginia. 

The "Half breeds." 

The " Halfbreeds," were the Republicans in 1880, who 
had for leader Senator James G. Blaine of Maine. 

The "Stalwarts." 

The "Stalwarts," were the Republicans in 1880, who had 
for their leader Senator Conkling of New York. They ad- 
vocated the nomination of Grant. 



122 



Territorial Expansion of the 
United States of America. 



FROM GREAT BRITAIN 1783. 

Under the treaty of 1783, at the close of the Revolutionary 
war, we acquired over 827,000 square miles of territory from 
Great Britain, located east of the Mississippi river and 
north of the Spanish Florida possessions. This is the 
foundation of our territorial possessions. 

FROM FRANCE 1803. 
Louisiana Purchase. 

In April, 1803, we purchased a large tract of land, con- 
taining over 1,000,000 square miles, from France, for 
$15,000,000. $11,250,000 of which was to be paid in United 
States six per cent bonds. The remainder of the purchase 
money was paid to a number of citizens of the United States 
to whom France was indebted. By this purchase we more 
than doubled the area of the United States, and acquired 
some of the richest land on the continent. 

At the close of the French and Indian war this territory 
called Louisiana was given to Spain by France. In 1800 by 
a secret treaty the province was given back to France. 
Thus New Orleans was controlled by the French, which was 
likely to prevent the citizens of the United States from 
sending their produce out of the Mississippi river. To 
prevent the seizure of New Orleans by American troops 
Jefferson obtained consent of Congress to make an effort to 
purchase New Orleans and West Florida. 

At this time Napoleon was wanting money very much for 
he was about to go to war with England. When the offer 
was made, he therefore proposed to sell us the whole terri- 
tory, which resulted in the above purchase. 

123 



FROM SPAIN 1819. 

Florida Purchase. 

In 1819 we purchased from Spain at a cost of $5,000,000 
over 59,000 square miles of territory known as the Spanish 
Florida possessions which included East and West Florida. 

Spain fearing that this territory might fall into the pos- 
session of Georgia, wisely, decided to sell it to the United 
States. 

TEXAS 1845. 

The independence of Texas w^as acknowledged by ^.he 
United States in 1837. In the same year she asked to be 
admitted into the Union; but the proposal was declined by 
VanBuren through fsar of war with Mexico. The Annex- 
ation of Texas was the political issue of 1844. In 1845 it 
was acquired at a cost of $10,000,000. It included the pres- 
ent state of Texas, with portions of Kansas, New Mexico, 
Colorado, Oklahoma, and Indian Territory. 

MEXICO 1848. 

The acquisition of Texas led to the Mexican war. As a 
result of the treaty of 1848 we gained over 545,000 square 
miles of territory which included Upper California, Utah, 
New Mexico, Nevada, and a part of Arizona, Colorado and 
Wyoming. This treaty made the Rio Grande the western 
boundary of Texas, and the Gila the northern boundary of 
Mexico. For this tract the United States paid about 
$18,000,000. 

MEXICO 1853. 

Gadsden Purchase. 

In 1853 a dispute was settled relative to the boundary line 
from the Rio Grande to the Gila River, by a treaty nego- 
tiated by James Gadsden. Under this treaty, the line 
agreed on was far south of the Gila River, taking in a tract 
of land containing 45,535 square miles, for which we paid 
Mexico $10,000,000. 

The inaccuracy of the map used in the treaty between the 
United States and Mexico in 1848 caused this dispute. 



124 



FROM RUSSIA 1867. 

Purchase of Alaska. 

In 1867 the United States purchased Russian America for 
^7,200,000 in gold. The Inuian name of this country was 
Alaska, or "great country." By this purchase we acquired 
590,884 square miles of territory. 

HAWAII 1898. 

The Hawaiian Islands were annexed to the United States 
by joint res(jiutions of Congress, July 7, 1898. We thus 
acquired 6,449 square miles of territory. These Islands 
gained their independence in 1893 by deposing the Queen 
and setting up a "provisional government." 

FROM SPAIN 1898. 

As a result of the Spanish-American war, Spain gave up 
all sovereignty over Cuba, ceded to us Porto Rico, Guam 
and the Philippines, we in return paying Spain $20,000,000 
for the- public works erected in the Philippines. We thus 
added to our territorial possessions over 160,000 square 
miles, making a grand total of over 3,771,000, square miles 
in the United States of America. 



125 



Familiar Sayings of Great 'Men. 

THOMAS — "We will hold tlie town till we starve." 
WOLFE — "Now God be praised, I die happy." 
MONTCALM — "I shall not see the surrender of Quebec." 
JAMES LAWRENCE — "Don't give up the ship." 

THOMAS JEFFERSON— "I tremble for my country, when 

I reflect that God is just." 
GENERAL REED — "I am not worth buying, but such as 

I am the King of Great Britain is not rich enough to 

buy me. " 
GOVERNOR BERKELEY— "I thank God there are no 

free schools or printing presses, and I hope that we 

shall not have them these hundred years." 

CHARLES n — "The old fool has taken more lives than I 
for the murder of my father." 

MANENDEZ — "Not as French but as heretics." 

DE GOURGUES — "Not as Spaniards but as traitors, rob- 
bers and murderers." 

KING PHILIP — "My heartbreaks, now I am ready to die. " 

GENERAL JACKSON — "By the eternal. I'll hang every 
one of them." 

OSCEOLA — "Here I hunted when a boy; here my father 
lies buried; here I want to die." 

WILLIAM L. MARCY — "To the victors belong the spoils. " 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN — "With malice toward none and 
charity for all." 

DE KALB — "I die the death I have always prayed for — the 
death of a soldier, fighting for the rights of men." 

COMMODORE FARRAGUT — "lam going into Mobile Bay 
in the morning; if God is my leader as I hope he is." 

WILLIAM PENN — "Liberty without obedience is con- 
fusion, and obedience without liberty is slavery." "I 
prefer the honestly simple to the ingeniously wicked." 

125 



NATHAN HALE— "I regret that I have but one life to 

give to my country." 
COLONEL MH.LER— "I'll try, sir." 
DANIEL WEBSTER — "Union now and forever." 
ETHAN ALLEN — "I demand it in tlie name of the great 

Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 
HORACE GREELEY — "Young man, go West." 
COLONEL JOHN STARK — "We must beat them today or 

Molly Stark's a widow." 
GEORGE WASHINGTON — " I die hard, but I am not afraid 

to go." 
THOMAS JEFFERSON — "I give my heart to my God, 

and my daughter to my country." 

"Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God." 
JOHN ADAMS — "Jefferson still survives." 
PAUL JONES — "1 have not yet begun to fight." 
HENRY CLAY — "I would rather be right than president." 
ANDREW JACKSON — ^"This is a nation and not a league." 
JOHN ENDICOTT— " A sip of New England's air is better 

than a whole draught of Old England's ale." 
CORNWALLIS — "It matters not. sir, it matters not what 

becomes of this head now." 
MONTCALM — "Kill me, but spare these English who are 

under my care. ' ' 
WOLFE — "I would rather have written those lines than 

to take Quebec. " 
DANIEL WEBSTER — "There can be no secession without 

revolution. " 

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON — "A covenant with death 
and an agreement with hell." 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS — "Without a dollar of national 
debt, we are in the midst of national bankruptcy." 

COMMODORE PERRY — "We have met the enemy and 
they are ours; two ships, two brigs, one sloop and a 
schooner. " 



127 



CHARLES C. PINCKNEY — "Millions for defense; not 

one cent for tribute." 
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN — "God helps them that help 

themselves. ' ' 

" Little strokes fell mighty oaks." 

"Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn 
in no other." 

"Diligence is the mother of good kick." 

"There is no gains without pains." 

"What we call time enough always proves little 
enough. " 

"He that hath a trade hath an estate." 

"A dying man can do nothing easily." 



Nicknames of the Presidents. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON — The Father of his Country, 

Colonel Buckskin, American Fabius, Town Destroyer, 

Cincinnatus of the West. 
JOHN ADAMS — The Firm Federalist. Sage of Quincy, 

Colossus of Independence, The President of Three 

Votes. 
THOMAS JEFFERSON — Father of Democracy. Sage of 

Monticello, Writer of the Declaration of Independence. 
JAMES MADISON — The True Republican, The Father of 

the Constitution. 
JAMES MONROE — The Poor but Spotless President, The 

Honest Man. 
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS — Old Man Eloquent, Walking 

Encyclopedia. 
ANDREW JACKSON— Old Hickory. Big Knife, Hero of 

New Orleans. Sharp Knife, The Fighting President. 
MARTIN VAN BUREN — The Shrewd Statesman. Sage of 

Kinderhook, Little Magician. 



\ 



128 



WILLIAM n. HARRISON— Old Tippecanoe, Hero of 
Tippecanoe, Lug Cabin Candidate. 

JOHN TYLER — Tlie Accidental President. The Corporal. 

JAMES K. POLK — The Young Hickory of Democracy. 
Napoleon of the Stump. 

ZACHARY TAYLOR— Old Rough and Ready. 

MILLARD FILLMORE— The Second Accidental President. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE— The Yankee President, Lucky Can- 
didate. 

JAMES BUCHANAN— The Bachelor President. Old Public 
Functionary. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN — Father of Emancipation, Rail 
Splitter, Honest Abe. 

ANDREW JOHNSON— The Independent President. The 
Third Accidental President, The Learned Tailor. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT— The Silent President. The Silent 
Man, Hero of Appomattox. Unconditional Surrender. 

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES— The Policy President. 

JAMES A. GARFIELD — The Teacher President. 

CHESTER A. ARTHUR— The Fourth Accidental Pres- 
ident. Chet. 

GROVER CLEVELAND— The Man of Destiny. 



Nicknames of Noted Men. 



R. W\ EMERSON— Sage of Concord. 

JOHN RANDOLPH— Little David. 

JOHN G. WHITTIER— Quaker Poet. 

ANTHONY WAYNE— Mad Anthony and Sleepless Thief. 

DANIEL VOORHEES— Tall Sycamore of the Wabash. 

SAMUEL J. TILDEN— The Sage of Greystone. 

JONATHAN TRUMBULL— Brother Jonathan. 

129 



WILLIAM ALL^N— Ohio Gong 

ISRAEL PUTNAM— Old Put. 

MILES STANDISH — Hero of New England. The Little 
Indian. Fighter. 

EDMOND ANUROS— Tyrant of New England. 

WILLIAM CLAY BORNE— Scourge of Maryland. 

MARY PITCHER — Major Mollie. Captain MoUie. 

ALEXANDER HAMILTON — Alexander the Coppersmith. 

WILLIAM R. KING — Miss Nancy. 

HARRY LEE. — Light Horse Harry. 

JOHN C. FREMONT — The Pathfinder. 

HENRY CLAY — Magnetic Statesman. Mill Boy of the 
Slashes, Sage of Ashland, Judas of the West, Peace- 
maker, Pacificator. 

JOHN C. CALHOUN — The Iron Man, Apostle of Nullifi- 
cation. 

DANIEL WEBSTER— Expounder of tiie Constitution, 
Black Dan. 

JOSEPH HOOKER — Fighting Joe. 

JOHN A. LOGAN— Black Jack. 

THOxMAS SUMPTER — The Game Cock. 

POCAHONTAS — Lady Rebecca. 

PETER STUYVESANT — Old Silver Leg, Old Wooden 
Leg, Peter Porcupine. 

FRANCIS MARION— The Swamp Fox, Bayard of the 
South. 

JOHN SMITH — Father of Virginia. 

STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS — The Little Giant. 

GEORGE H. THOMAS — Rock of Chickamauga. 

THOMAS A. EDISON — Wizard of Electricity, Wizard of 
Menlo Park. 

SAMUEL ADAMS — American Cato. 

THOMAS CORWIN — Wagoner Boy, Black Tom. 

ALLEN G. THURMAN— Old Roman. 

JOHN BURGOYNE— Old Elbow Room. 

JONATHAN EDWARDS— The Great Preacher. 

GEORGE H. PENDLETON — Gentleman George. 

BENJAMIN BUTLER — Silver Spoon. 

JAMES G. BLAINE — Plumed Knight. 



130 



R J. MYER— Old Probabilities. 

CALVIN S. BRICE— Rainbow Chaser. 

SAMUEL CHAM PLAIN— Father of New France. 

THOMAS HOOKER — Light of the Western Churches. 

JOHN ELIOT — Apostle to the Indians. 

GENERAL HAMILTON— Hair-buy ing General. 

DAVID CROCKETT— Hero of the Alamo. 

PHILIP SHERIDAN— Little Phil. 

WASHINGTON IRVING— Father of American Literature. 

GEORGE DEWEY — Hero of Manila. 

ALICE CAREY — The Jean Ingelow of America. 

MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE — The Nation's Guest. 

GENERAL JAMES WOLFE — The Hero of Quebec. 

JOHN CABOT— The Great Admiral. 

WILLIAM PENN— The Indian's Quaker Brother, Quaker 
King. 

JOHN RANDOLPH — Political Meteor of the South. 

EUGENE FIELD — The Children's Laureate. 

JOSEPH R. DRAKE — The American Keats. 

HENRY W. LONGFELLOW— The Poet of the Hearth and 
Fireside. 

J. J. AUDUBON — The Great Ornithologist. 

PONCE DE LEON — Easter Sunday Discoverer. 

GOVERNOR TRYON — Great Wolf of North Carolina. 

TECUMSEH — The King of the Woods. 

MARGARE T FULLER— The Priestess of Trancenden- 
talism. 

GOVERNOR BRADFORD— The Father of American 
History. 

THOMAS H. BENTON— Old Bullion. 

WILLIAM F. H.ARNDEN — Founder of the Express Bus- 
iness in America. 



131 









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Wars and Rebellions. 



Pequod War 1637 

King Philip's War 1675 

Bacon's Rebellion 1676 

Clayborne's Rebellion 1645 

Civil War in Maryland 1655 

King William's War 1689 to 1697 

Queen Anne's War 1702 to 1713 

Spanish War 1739 to 1744 

King George's War 1744 to 1748 

French and Indian War 1754 to 1763 

Pontiac's War 1763 

Revolution 1775 to 1783 

Shay's Rehelliun 1787 

Wniiskey Rebellion 1794 

Fries's Rebellion 1798 

Tripolitan War 1801 to 1805 

War of 1812 1812 to 1814 

Creek War 1814 

Black Hawk War 1832 

First Seminole War 1817 

Second Seminole War 1835 to 1843 

Dorr's Rebellion 1842 

Mexican War 1846 to 1848 

Civil War in Kansas 1854 to 1861 

Civil War 1861 to 1865 

Modoc War 1872 

Sioux Indian War 1876 

War with Spain 1898 

135 



Salaries of United States 
Officers. 



Salary 

Name Term Per Annum 

President 4 years $50,000 

Vice-President 4 years 8,000 

Cabinet Officers 4 years 8.000 

United States Senator 6 years 5,000 

United States Representative. ... 2 years 5,000 

Speaker of the House 2 years 8,000 

Treasurer of United States 4 years 6,000 

Director of the Mint, 4 years 4,500 

Commissioner of Internal Revenue 4 years 6,000 

President's Private Secretarj'. ... 4 years 5,000 

Chief Justice of United States . . For Life 10,500 

Associate Justices For Life 10,000 

Circuit Judges For Life 6,000 

District Judges F'or Life 5,000 

Judge of Court of Claims For Life 4,500 

Judge of Court of D. C. (Chief). For Life 5,000 

Judge of Territorial Court 4 years 3,000 

Clerk of Supreme Court 6,000 

Each member of Congress is allowed $125 a year for 
postage, stationery, and newspapers, and at the rate of twenty 
cents for every mile of travel, by the usual route, in going 
and coming between his home and Washington at a session 
of Congress. He is also allowed a private secretary whose 
salary shall not exceed $100 per month during the time 
Congress is in session. 

136 



Names of Vessels Used by 
Explorers. 

The Golden Hind or the Pulican Drake 

The Victoria Magellan 

The Mayflower The Pilgrims 

Susan Constant Newport 

The Unrest Block 

The Squirrel Gilbert 

The Fortune May 

The Griffin La Salle 

The Half Moon Hudson 

The Concord Gnsnold 

The Dauphin "^'errazzani 

The Hopewell Hudson 

The Speedwell The Pilgrims 

The Mayflower Putnam 

The Discovery Hudson 

The Columbia and Lady Washington Gray 

The Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria Columbus 



Army Divisions. 

1. A Company consists of 106 men. 

2. A Battalion consists of from three to five companies. 

3. A Regiment consists of from three to five battalions. 

4. A Brigade consists of from three to five regiments. 

5. A Division consists of from three to five brigade" 

6. A Corps consists of from three to five division'. 

137 



Corresponding Rank of Officers 

of United States Army 

and Navy. 

FIELD OFFICERS. FLEET OFFICERS. 

General $13,500 Admiral $13,500 

Lieutenant-Geiierai. . 11,000 Vice-Admiral. . 11,000 

Major General 7,500 Rear Admiral. . 7,500 

Brigadier General. . . 5,500 Commodore. . . . 5,500 

REGIMENTAL OFFICERS. SHIP OFFICERS. 

Colonel $3,500 Captain $3,500 

Lieut-Colonel 3,000 Commander.... 3,000 

Major 2,500 Lieut-Commander 2,500 

SUBORDINATE 
COMPANY OFFICERS. SHIP OFFICERS. 

Captain.. $1,800 Lieutenant $1,800 

1st Lieutenant.... 1,500 Lieut, (junior grade) 1,500 
2d Lieutenant 1.400 Ensign 1,400 



Company Officers and Others. 

PER ANNUM 

Captain, mounted $2,000 

Captain, not mounted 1 800 

First Lieutenant, mounted 1,600 

First Lieutenant, not mounted 1,500 

Second Lieutenant, mounted 1,500' 

Second Lieutenant, not mounted 1,400 

Chaplain (of Regiment) 1,500 

138 



PER MONTH 

First Sergeant $-^- ^^ 

Sergeant l^^f* 

Corporal 15.00 

Hospital Steward 45.00 

Acting Hospital Steward . , 25.00 

Senior Veterinary Surgeon 100.00 

Junior Veterinary Surgeon 75.00 

Commissary Sergeant 34.00 

All tlie officers from the Colonel down receive additional 
amounts after five, ten, fifteen and twenty years' service, 
but there is a limit to this amount; thus the maximum pay 
of a Colonel is $4,500 per annum. 

The pay of an enlisted man, whether artillery, cavalry or 
infantry, is thirteen dollars per month for the first and 
second years, fourteen dollars for the third year, fifteen 
dollars for the fourth year, sixteen dollars for the fifth year. 
After five years continuous service they receive two dollars 
per month extra. During time of war, as during the War 
with Spain, 1898, twenty per cent is added to the pay of all 
enlisted men, but not to that of officers. The pay of an 
enlisted man in the War with Spain was therefore $15.60 
per montn. 

The above has reference to officers and enlisted men in 
active service. Retired officers receive seventy-five per 
cent of the pay (salary and increase) of their rank. En- 
listed men when retired aie entitled to seventy-five per cent 
of the pay which they received in active service. There is, 
in addition, a clothing allowance. The officers and enlisted 
men in the United States army receive higher pay than is 
given by any other country. 

139 



List of Inventions and Names 
of Their Inventors. 



Air Brake 1874 Westinghouse 

Air-Gun 1595 Marin 

Balloon 1783 Montgolfer 

Barometer 1643 Torricelli 

Cotton Gin 1793 Eli Whitney 

Clock Eleventh Century 

Compass About iii5 B. C Chinese 

Compass (Mariner's). . .About 1302 

Cannon 618 B. C. Chinese 

Diving-Bell 1509 

Electric Clock 1840 Bain 

Electric Light 1813 Davy 

Electric Telegraph 1837 S. F. B. Morse 

Fire-Arms 1364 Inventor Unknown 

Fire Engine 1657 Hautsch 

Gas 1600-1625 Van Helmont 

Glass Phoenicians 

Gunpowder 1320 Barthold Schwarz 

Hydraulic Press 1796 Joseph Bramah 

Hydraulic Ram 1797 Montgolfier 

Harvesting Machine 1845 Cyrus McCormick 

Lightning Rod 1752 Benjamin Franklin 

Locomotive I759 Watt 

Modern Cast Iron Plow 1819 Jethro Wood 

Matches 1827 Walker 

Microscope 1590 Jansen 

Phonograph 1877 Thomas Edison 

Photography 1802 Thomas Wedgwood 

Pneumatic Railway 1835 Henry Pinkus 

Printing 1438 Guntenberg 

Railroad Pabsenger Car 1828 Ross Winans 

Railroad 1672 Beaumont 

Sewing Machine 1846 Elias Howe 

Steamboat 1807 Robert Fulton 

Telephone 1877 Graham Bell 

Telescope 1608 Lippersheim 

Vulcanized Rubber. . : 1839 Charles Goodyear 

Thermometer 1609 Drebbel 

(Authors fHflfer as to the date of some of the above inventions.) 

140 



Population of the United States 
Each Census 1790- 1900. 

When taken Number of inhabitants Per cent of increase 

1790 4,000,000 (nearly) 

1800 5,308,483 35. 

1810 . .7,239,881 36.39 

1820 9,633,822 33.06 

1830 12,866,020 33-65 

1840 17,069,453 32.67 

18S0 23,191,876 35-83 

i860 31,443,321 -.35.11 

1870 38, 558,371 22.65 

1880 50,155,783 30.08 

1890 62,622,250 24.80 

igoo 76,061,128 21.46 



141 



INDEX. 



Administration, Washington's 20 

" " Adams's 21 

" " Jefferson's 21 

" " Madison's 22 

" " Monroe's 23 

Adams's (J. Q. ) 24 

" " Jackson's 25 , 

" " Van Bnren's 26 

*' " Harrison's 27 

Polk's 27 

Taylor's 29 

" " Pierce's 30 

" " Buchanan's 30 

" " Lincoln's (1st term) 31 

" " Lincoln's (2d term) 35 

" " Grant's 36 

" " Hayes' s 37 

" " Garfield's 38 

" Cleveland's (1st term) 39 

" " Harrison's Benj 40 

Cleveland's (2d term) 41 

McKinley's • ■ 42 

Army and Navy. Officers of 138 

Army, Divisions of 137 

Army, Company officers, salaries, etc 138 

Colonial government. Forms of 12 

Congress, Albany Council 14 

" First Colonial 14 

Second Colonial 14 

Second Continental 14 

of 1776 15 

Confederation, Articles of 19 

Convention, Constitutional 19 

Cabinet, Roosevelt's 45 

Explorers, Spanish 5 

' English 5 



143 



Explorers, Dutch 6 

' ' French 6 

Expansion of United States 123-125 

Indians, Tribes of, etc 4 

Inventions 1-40 

Mound Builders 4 

Missionaries, English 11 

Jesuit 12 

Nicknames of the Presidents 128 

of Noted Men 129 

Periods in United States History 3 

Period of Voyage and Discovery 4 

Portuguese Navigators 6 

Period, Revolutionary' 16 

Period, National 20 

Parties, Whig and Tory 112 

" Particularists 112 

Federal 112 

" Republican-Democrat 113 

Anti-Federal 113 

" Democrat 113 

*' Anti-Masonic 113 

" National Republican 114 

Whig 114 

" Republican 114 

Equal Rights 115 

" Liberty or Abolition 115 

Free Soil 115 

" American or Know Nothing 116 

" Prohibition 116 

" Labor Reform 116 

" Liberal Republican 117 

" Greenback 117 

" Woman's Rights 117 

" • United Labor 117 

' ' American 117 

Silver 117 

People's 118 

People's (Middle of the Road) 118 

" National Democrat 118 



144 



Parties, Union Labur US 

" Socialist Labor 119 

" Silver Republican ll<j 

" "Farmer's Alliance" IHJ 

' ' ' Monocrats' ' 120 

" " Mobocrats' ' 120 

" "Populists" 120 

" "Mugwumps" 120 

' ' " Barnburners' ' 120 

" " Hunkers' ' 120 

" "Carpet- Baggers" 120 

" " Scalawags' ' 120 

" "Copperheads" 121 

" " Locofocos" 121 

" " Broad Gaugers' ' 121 

" "Silver Grays" 12i 

" "Black Republicans" 121 

" "Border Ruffians" 121 

" "Jay hawkers" 12i 

" "Gold Democrats" 121 

" " War Democrats' ' J22 

" " Peace Democrats' ' 122 

" " Straight-out Democrats' ' 122 

" " Doughfaces' ' 122 

" "Half breeds" 122 

" "Stalwarts" 122 

Purchase of Louisiana 123 

of Florida 124 

" Gadsden 124 

' ' of Alaska 125 

Questions and Answers 47-111 

Settlement of Virginia 6 

of New York 7 

" of Massachusetts 8 

of New Hampshire 8 

' ' of Maryland 8 

" of Connecticut 9 

" of Rhode Island 9 

' ' of Delaware lo 

" of the Carolinas lo 



145 



/ 



Settlement uf New Jersey 10 

of Pennsylvania 11 

of Georgia 11 

Sayings of (ireat Men 126-127 

Salaries of United States Officers 136 

United States. Tables, etc 133-134 

United States, Population of 141 

Vessels, Names of 137 

War, King William's 12 

Queen Anne's 12 

' ' Spanish 12 

" King George's 13 

" French and Indian 13 

" Revolutionary, Causes of 15 

' ' of 1812 23 

" Tripolitan 21 

' ' Mexican 28 

" the Civil, Causes of 32 

" with Spain 43 

Wars and Rebellions 135 



146 



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ONGBESS 



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011462 643 . 



